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吕淑美

前言西藏我们准备好了吗？？西藏在我们心中一直是神秘而又不敢想像的地方。偶尔听到身边朋友或同事去过那里我们总是怀着崇敬的眼光去小小的向往一下，而自己却从来没有想过几时会去或者用怎么样的方式去接触这片土地。印象中那里是那么的遥远那么的遥不可及。藏地密码带我们以一种奇幻的方式从一个侧面掀起了他神秘面纱的一角滇藏线的旅行让我间接感觉到我们可以进行准备了。在新藏线的起点我终于感到西藏我们做好准备了。当日历翻到2014年的1月王狐狸和好奇蛤蟆打开了西藏的地图。越是深入了解越是不能自拔，西藏的一座座山峰一条条山沟一座座寺庙都让我们无法取舍，引用6世达赖喇嘛仓央嘉措的诗句“压根没见最好，也省得神魂颠倒；原来不熟也好，免得情思萦绕。”2014年王狐狸与好奇蛤蟆将把西藏地图上的地面再次变成我们相机中的美景。王狐狸/好奇蛤蟆2014年10月西藏尼泊尔精彩mv完成一样与不一样背起背包、意味着旅程的开始，拿起登山杖、证明旅途的艰辛。挎上相机、预示美景将令人陶醉。一样的季节，不一样的出发日期。一样的出行方式，不一样的目的地。一样的心情迎接，不一样的挑战。2014年9月我们进藏，希望一样的平安顺利、一样的欢笑不断、一样的终身难忘。地名占楼更新西藏自治区-བ;ོད་;'38;ང་942;Ǝ4;ྱ964;Ɔ8;་Ɖ9;ྗོངས853;拉萨市-ལྷ་942;851;906;(18;ོ;'08;་ཁྱེར།那曲地区-ན906;་ཆུ་ས་ཁུƉ9;Ɓ1;班戈县-921;པལ&51;མགོན&51;ར;ྫ964;ང་།;尼玛县-Ƈ3;954;་མ;་938;ྫ964;908;་853;双湖县-མཚོ;Ɓ1;906;ཉིƊ2;&51;རྫƌ4;'08;Ɓ1;།阿里地区-མ'08;འ་རིས་;Ɗ2;851;ཁ'56;ལ;་;措勤县-'28;ཚོ;་ཆ962;ན་རྫ;ོང་།改则县-སƎ6;ེར851;Ɖ8;ྩེ&51;ར;ྫོƆ8;་།革吉县-དƆ6;ེ་'38;Ǝ6;ྱས་Ɖ8;ྫ964;ང་།噶尔县-ས986;938;་རྫོ;ང851;853;日土县-རུ&51;ཐ;ོ906;་;རྫ964;'08;་&53;札达县-རྩ་'28;དའ&51;938;Ƒ1;ོང851;།普兰县-ས;Ɛ4;956;་ཧ;ྲེ'08;་རྫ;ོƆ8;&51;།;日喀则地区-Ɔ6;ཞི;ས;་ཀ;་ར(09;ེ་ག;Ƒ8;ƌ4;ང་ཁ;Ƒ7;ེར།仲巴县-འབྲƌ4;ང་'24;་ར011;ོང་།萨嘎县-ས;་དག;936;851;'38;ྫོང་Ɓ3;吉隆县-སྐ017;Ƌ4;ད་གྲོང་;ར(11;964;Ɔ8;་853;定日县-'21;ི'08;Ɓ1;རƋ4;་938;ྫོ908;་Ɓ3;定结县-ག'19;Ƌ4;ང;་ས'84;ྱེས་ར011;ོང་;།聂拉木县-ག'13;འ་ལམ་Ɖ8;ྫོངƁ1;&53;尼泊尔联邦民主共和国-सæ6;घीय लो;325;ता44;्40;81;र;67;क; गण340;नî1;त्ë2;ात;्मक 加德满都-क366;336;माड80;ं, 325;ाé6;म;ान्337;69;奇特旺国家公园-च367;तवन; रा;359;्ट81;ë2;िë1; ê4;िè5;ुञî1;ज;蓝毗尼-54;ुम;्48;ि;44;ी;博卡拉-प;379;è6;रा过去与现在我们，曾经，近一年时间着手准备今年的西藏之行；我们，曾经，近半年观察包车师傅才最终确定；我们，曾经，西藏会带给我们更多；我们，曾经，西藏之行甚于尼泊尔之行；我们，曾经，高反如此恐惧；我们，曾经，转山无任何奢望；我们，曾经，西藏是2014年旅行的重中之中；而，现在的我们已经克服高反、近距离走进双湖、班公错、转山、珠峰大本营的阿里大北线又继续玩转尼泊尔，加德满都、奇卡旺、蓝毗尼、博卡拉、巴德岗、帕坦王狐狸的全景世界之阿里预告一班戈错预告二双湖普诺岗日冰川预告三双湖普诺岗日冰川预告四双湖普诺岗日冰川预告五文布北村预告六当惹雍错预告七迷路之羌塘预告八改则之搓板路预告九班公错预告班公错预告十一狮泉河预告十二扎达土林预告十三托林寺预告十四托林景区预告十五扎达土林预告十六岗仁波齐预告十七冈仁波齐之止热寺预告十八岗仁波齐之卓玛拉山口预告十九岗仁波齐之卓玛拉山口预告二十预告二十一雅江源头预告二十二佩枯错预告二十三珠峰大本营预告二十四喜马拉雅群山尼泊尔预告一丛林探险预告二蓝毗尼([

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陈秉莹

——曾经，我在8264中毒解毒路上没命狂奔！哭着喊着冤冤相毒何时了，驴友何必为难驴友！！！如今，我想说，出来混迟早要还的！人在坛里泡，哪有不挨毒！！！呔！看毒！脆弱的心脏！！！关于照片：1、全帖图片都是只缩小了尺寸的原图，连裁剪都没有； 2、有我身影的照片都是拓哥拍的，其余照片除一张枯树图片外，都由我拍； 3、拓哥相机里全是精华，被他一个人藏起来慢慢反刍了～～（拓哥被我黑惨啦，哈哈，不要打我）关于装备：1、我的基础装备：背包：OSPREY精灵13款，55L容量。帐篷：三峰飘云四季单人帐。睡袋：定做的1500克95%鹅绒 720蓬松度。防潮垫：普尔兰德六边形。登山杖：鲁滨逊T3E。（求别吐槽没取杖尖保护套，每次都被吐槽这个，是故意不取的，难道大家不觉得尖头刺在硬物上，那感觉不如保护套好吗？乱石堆里加了保护套的登山杖不是更好用吗）炊具：炉头是火枫 FMS-116T，锅是火枫 FMC-XK6 雪套没用上，其他好像没什么了找路的工具其实就是手机里的离线GOOGLE地球啦，出发前先把要走的区域全部加载一遍，到时候没信号也能用了。GPS什么的我俩都木有。2、拓哥的：大多数东西我都没注意看具体是啥型号，不过必须要说的是，他的包包是35L的！！他说35L完全够用，就没带大包！自从看到拓哥的包，我才终于完全明白打包是门学问的真理！关于拓哥打包技术：拓哥只说了“精简是王道，尽量减少不必要的东西”，除此之外我帮他补充：谁力气大，谁就能把东西压得更小！（他帮我压的睡袋比我自己压的小三分之一）最后，使劲塞～～～（大家不要吐槽了，真是这样的）另外，从装备上就能看出拓哥老驴我新驴，拓哥的东西大多都用了五年以上。。。果然是我的偶像啊这次格聂行是蓄谋已久，虽然十一月并不是最佳时间，可我不想再错过，忽悠上我的偶像——拓哥，一起完成了这次完美无缺的格聂精华转记！红线为重装徒步，黄线为轻装徒步，绿线为依靠现代化交通工具啦给我八天，还你一个绝美格聂梦境行程安排：11月2号至11月9号D1 泸州/合川—康定宿康定D2 康定—理塘宿理塘D3 理塘—虎皮坝—冷古寺—虎皮坝宿虎皮坝D4 虎皮坝—日贡—笑基隆帐山谷宿笑基隆帐山谷D5 笑基隆帐山谷—岛岛河谷—热梯河谷宿热梯河谷D6 热梯河谷营地—马角红—营地—查冲西—理塘宿理塘D7 理塘—禾尼乡—哈日若根措—哈日河谷—禾然色巴村—禾尼乡—理塘宿车上D8 理塘—成都—泸州/合川宿各自家里这次转山转湖转河谷泸州的我和合川的拓哥俩人最巧的是，我们居然是家门儿～人物介绍：1、大家好，我是伍佰，弱弱的楼主。（别人说本人脸方头大跟伍佰长得很像，脸大不是错，我还是认了，只要不说是半个伍佰就谢你八辈儿祖宗）弱爆的楼主真身：2、我的搭档，这次不是陈慧琳，是张震岳！（拓哥，稳住，不要吐槽）我大拓哥真身：关于伍佰、陈慧琳的典故。。。可参考此帖：梦圆长毕穿越—国庆最后的2天强穿队伍：两朵姐妹花儿！错，两坨女汉子！（355楼完结）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1902367-1-1.html月初，终于盼来人生第一个公休假太在意，怕浪费假期，直到十月底都还在纠结究竟走哪里最后的最后，还是坚持初衷，圆自己一个格聂梦。把计划告诉拓哥后，立马得到回应，于是二人组搞定。D1 11月2号我们商量好在康定车站汇合，晚上七点半，我俩几乎同时达到，不用东找西找，一眼就认出来，整车站就咱俩背大包的，虽第一次见面，也不显陌生。吃饭买气罐住青旅聊天睡觉D211月3号康定到理塘的车都是早上六点发车，票八九十块，早早就出发。我以为路修好了，结果还是烂得不行，不好意思，到理塘又吐了，谁来拯救我脆弱的胃？胃服安已经败北记得上次到理塘就吐得昏天黑地。。。。下午三点多到理塘，本来可以直接包车进格聂，可就我那状态，拓哥体贴地决定在理塘休整一晚，明早出发。途经如厕地拍一张傍晚的理塘D311月4号因为包车司机对理塘地名儿不熟，8点才由我们找到他，出发去格聂。三个半小时后，我们抵达虎皮坝，对，没错，直接坐车到虎皮坝，既然路都已修通，咱就顾不上前面了，把有限的时间都留给精华吧！说实话，十一月的虎皮坝毫无亮点，格聂东南面也不咋地，有点小失望既来之则安之，扎营打水煮饭，吃饱喝足轻装去看冷古寺。我们没把网上传得最热的肖扎湖列入计划，所以今天下午特别轻松。第一眼的格聂乃干多村格聂脚下的新冷古寺，还没完全完工。有发电机和小卖部，可以去寺里充电买东西。另外喇嘛们超有经济头脑，还跑来收了我们每人十块的营地费。。。。虎皮坝上我们的营地去往冷古寺的路上这水是相当漂亮在冷龙沟里的老冷古寺真心是个清静苦修之地，不通电不通车，十一月里更是冷清之极。我俩转悠了一圈，只看到3个僧人，管大殿钥匙的师父也不在，和格聂三宝我们是无缘了～遥望冷古寺走近站在大殿门口回看冷龙沟到处都是小羊，超萌，一点不怕生围着主殿转一圈后，我们就往回走了今天天气不太好，云太多太厚，偶尔飘点小雪对水和雪山，我毫无抵抗力站在冷龙沟口俯瞰虎皮坝，漂亮多了，看来我起初不识虎皮坝之美，只因身在其中右下角有我们的帐篷山下新冷古寺虎皮坝夕阳西下，拓哥去新冷古寺给相机充电，其间，有俩喇嘛到咱营地撺掇，让我明儿个包他们的摩托直达热梯。由于拓哥不在，我没敢做决定。当时身体状态不是很好，有点小犹豫～D4 11月5号早上六点多醒来，初冬的高原清晨冻死人等的就是日照金山眼看着晨光点亮整个虎皮坝帐篷上结满冰霜，阳光下闪闪发亮刚刚都还日照金山，突的就是大雪纷飞看天上，一边阳光灿烂，一边蓝天白云，就咱头顶下着大雪。。。。因为这雪，我们都有点小动摇，去到喇嘛所住的木屋询问租摩托事宜喇嘛坐地要价600大洋，十多公里，600大洋。。。算了算了，走吧走吧，按原计划进行。从新冷古寺后面的小路开始上山从现在开始直至走出格聂，我们一路上没遇到一个人类，别说人类，连人类的脚印都没看到过。十一月确实晚了，牧民全都下撤人去棚空，想入住牧民温暖帐篷的打算，完全就是痴人说梦一路上，与我们相伴最多的是喜鹊和雪地里各种野兽的新鲜脚印。。。。我的保温水壶被掉在理塘到虎皮坝的面包车上了，在新冷古寺小卖部买了一瓶尖叫，一路喝出格聂。从新冷古寺背后到日贡草坝，要翻两个山脊，强度不大，上坡不陡也不长，虽然是负重，但很快就来到那个让人眼前一亮的大草坝了这样子看格聂好漂亮传说中的格萨尔王遗址也许N个世纪前，这里金戈铁马、、、格萨尔王戎装飒爽除暴安良保格聂一方牧民平安心情放松，扔下包包，开始各种拍照天地间～～玩够后继续上路后来才发现，这样的草坝完全不算个事儿，一路上全是这种无比开阔的高山草甸翻过一个又一个小山脊，我们在想象，如果这是夏天～～～满山遍野的野花话说回来，眼前的黄草也不错啊其实我们从日贡开始就走错了，不应该离雪山太远，应该走内圈的，结果我们在靠外圈走得很辛苦，翻无数的山脊，不停上坡下坡试图改变现状，使劲往雪山靠近可是这坡爬起来确实累，望着格聂，不停驻脚休息山谷中的牧民早已不知去向有点机械的走拓哥的意思是，今天在有较大河流的河谷扎营，翻过一个又一个山脊，始终没见河流明显的山谷。又是一个小垭口上，新鲜清晰的脚印让人莫名兴奋，我们并不孤独又是一个垭口，眼前一亮！！！河谷！！！拿着离线卫星地图一比对，就是这里了，笑基隆帐山谷！！！回望，夕阳打斜了，美丽的光影索性坐垭口休息会儿，既然都看到了河谷了，不着急啦太阳打西，加上垭口上风超大，就算及时穿上羽绒服，也感觉会很快被吹透。。。。赶紧起身下谷，找合适的平地扎营吧把帐篷扎在笑基隆帐山谷的西侧，可以直接看到格聂主峰，明早还能继续看日照金山D5 ： 11月6号，笑基隆帐山谷—岛岛河谷—热梯河谷，宿热梯河谷高原寒夜，星空满天，美丽冻人啊！拓哥的卡西欧已经被冻得歇菜了，死活不工作不报实时气温。当时我们都得出结论，卡西欧就是骗人的干活。据我俩估计，晚上应该在零下十度左右。早上依然六点多就醒了，哆嗦着拿出相机等待日照金山，隔着手套也能把手指冻得生疼：拍完照片，我自告奋勇去打水。我们营地在山谷西侧，主河流在山谷东侧，只有主河流才有流运的水，其他小溪流都结冰了，沼泽地的水又太脏。穿过很宽一片沼泽地过去，水一打上来，水面看着看着就结冰。。。今天的早餐还是煮粥，高原上是真心不想吃太干的东西，流质食品对我来说是最好的选择。吃饱喝足，拔营起身喽！！！向营地西面的山脊攀爬！爬上山坡回望笑基隆帐山谷：翻上第一个垭口，不出所料，还有无数个山脊等着我们翻越。。。。唉，看来只能继续上坡下坡的命运了垭口回望格聂([]

蜜芽tv永久入口

林玉亦

浮梁八卦形古城坐落保存最完整的清代五品古县衙，曾经繁华梦，万国求瓷茶.本帖精华及主要图片放在帖子后面，请读贴的朋友关注！一块饱经岁月留存下来的砖头也往往比拆掉重建的城郭更让人感动，体制是文化的躯壳，游览过后照亮的确是现在-------------轻松，浮梁县旧县城，自唐代以来，一直是浮梁县治所在。浮梁自古以来一直是“望县”，其县署品级为五品，高出一般县署 2级（一般县为七品）。较高的政治地位是因为其重要的经济地位，原由便是当地灿烂的陶瓷文化和茶文化。（中国古代的三大国际贸易为：瓷器、茶叶和丝绸。）景区以五品古县衙和千年红塔为核心，浓缩了千年古县悠久的人文历史和灿烂的茶瓷文化，被誉为“江南第一衙”。轻松，谢谢同行的小妖拍的到此一游的留影照片，代表一行5人也谢谢好友明月提供的车辆。城门楼高 15.6米，由城墙、主楼和角楼组成。主楼座落在8米高的城墙之上下筑券门洞，洞顶甚高，底阔 3米多。中部为主楼。门楼面阔5间，进深3米，重檐三滴水，歇山顶；据称是唐代留下的古狮雕刻，形态动态雄壮有力，动态可掬，这算是这里最老的遗存；巍峨耸立的宋代红塔有“江西第一塔”之称红塔又名西塔，“西塔夕照”为历史上著名的昌江八景之一。记载了浮梁一千三百多年要事珍闻和浮梁作为瓷都之源的发展历程。全塔共七层，从地坪至复盆顶塔高37.8米。塔身皆用大型青砖实砌，每层均用青砖叠砌出外挑平台，不设钩栏。红塔反映了北宋初期塔的建筑外貌和艺术造型的时代特征，是座具有融合中国古塔特殊风格和江南建筑特色的佛塔。“西塔夕照”为古代昌江著名风景之一，若春和景明或秋高气爽，则有“文照胜朝晖，紫烟连霄汉”的壮观。红塔的历史渊源和典故；现保留有头门、仪门、衙院、大堂、二堂及三堂，基本保持了县衙原有风貌。整座建筑布局多路，错落有致，廊道相接浑然一体。江西省景德镇浮梁旧县城始建于唐朝元和十一年（公元817年），距今有一千一百八十多年的历史。这里已发展为以名胜古迹为特色，以历史文化为内涵的独特旅游区。浮梁古城八卦形的城廓轮廓；古县衙的建筑具有徽派与赣派相结合的特点，最具特点的是县署里面的楹联，其丰富的内涵，涵盖了封建社会地方官处事方法和原则；唐代诗人白居易在《琵琶行》中有诗句曾叹：“商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去”。根据《新唐书·食物志》记载：“浮梁每岁产茶七百万驮，税十五万贯”（这个数字相当于当时朝廷茶叶税的八分之三，为全国之首）。浮梁古县衙景区地处长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、闽东南“金三角”，长江中游经济区和京九铁路经济带结合部中心地区；仔细观察会发现，这座县衙的规制有越级之处，浮梁原本只是一个县，按理县官只有七品的官阶，但浮梁的县衙确是五品的规制古县衙，建于清朝道光年间，距今 170年，占地64495平方米（95亩）全木质结构，徽派建筑木式结构体系；整个设计给人的感觉是庄严和轻松并存，厚重与俏雅生辉，建筑艺术实为“奇妙”，同时也显示出封建衙门特有的那种官府威严气派。体制完整，刑房，兵房，工房均具备；想想现在的公务员的数量，不得不让人心生感慨； “帝制早废，县衙犹存”，“珍贵史迹，进门有益” 这里的建筑院落，充分体现了徽派建筑的四水归一的理念；衙署内陈列了古代官服、刑具、十八般兵器、讯杖、官轿、夹棍，五品的县令也许相当于现在的副省级地市级别；根据《新唐书·食物志》记载：“浮梁每岁产茶七百万驮，税十五万贯”（这个数字相当于当时朝廷茶叶税的八分之三，为全国之首）。议事厅，相当于现在的常委会议室；([]

桃花私人影院

黄琬婷

Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, ";Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birt

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王乔龙

走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目录前言一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会世博会的举办与规划十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。　　维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。　　维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]

国自产拍精品…成人

姚凯婷

揣着梦想带着渴望带着群友和哥们的嘱咐，带着对所有热爱户外人的祈福，经过许久的准备，我即将要踏上进藏之路！西藏是我们梦寐的归宿，西藏是神圣的摇篮和天堂，渴望那里的蓝天，渴望着伸手可以触摸到的蓝天中的白云，也渴望着你那祥和的无尽的牧草和低头吃草的藏牦牛！西藏，我要来了！请您张开你宽阔的臂膀并释放出慈祥的母爱接受我吧!全程攻略：D15月13日，早9点木子户外出发，途径辽河大桥-盘锦油田-锦州采油厂-滨海公路-锦州-葫芦岛-绥中兴城-秦皇岛-北戴河。行驶里程395公里油耗12升行驶时间8小时（其中累计休息1小时）D25月14日，北戴河-昌黎-乐亭-唐海县-天津滨海新区-天津北外环-霸州-白沟-保定徐水县，骑行447公里。D35月15日，保定徐水县-保定-望都县-定州市-新乐市-正定县-绕行石家庄外环-鹿泉市-307国道-平定县-山西阳泉市-寿阳县，骑行300公里其中100公里盘山路。D45月16日，早8点半出发11点到达骑行152公里，骑行路线寿阳县-S216-南燕竹镇-晋中-太谷县-平遥古城。骑行152公里。D55月17日，平遥-灵石县-洪洞县-襄汾县-曲沃县-侯马市-河津市-韩城市-合阳县，骑行380公里由山西进入陕西。D65月18日，合阳县-大荔县-108国道-渭南市-临潼-西安-周至县-秦岭盘山道-佛坪县骑行里程：424公里（周至县-佛坪县盘山路120公里）D75月19日，佛坪-洋县-城固县-汉中市-勉县-宁强县-朝天区-广元市，骑行320公里（其中200公里盘山路）D85月20日，广元市-剑阁县-绵阳市-德阳市-广汉市-成都-成都南517318川藏线-拉萨起点接待站，骑行里程404公里。D95月21日，成都-新津-邛崃市-名山县-雅安行驶里程：140公里。D105月22日，雅安-二郎山-泸定-康定。行驶里程182公里D115月23日，康定-折多山口-新都桥-雅江行驶里程：157公里。D125月24日，继续走318雅江-理塘——稻城，行驶里程332公里。D135月25日，稻城-理塘-海子山口-巴塘行驶里程：329公里D145月26日，巴塘-竹巴龙-芒康-如美-登巴-左贡-邦达行驶里程：368公里D155月27日，邦达-巴宿-然乌-波密，骑行里程：325公里D165月28日，波密—林芝——工布江达县，行驶里程：378公里D175月29日，工布江达-拉萨行驶里程：278公里D185月30日，梦想成真！拉萨D195月31日，拉萨闲逛D206月1日，拉萨-那曲行驶里程：360公里D216月2日，那曲-沱沱河，里程：420公里D226月3日，沱沱河-格尔木里程：420公里D236月4日，格尔木-青海湖黑河乡里程;558公里D246月5日，青海湖环湖大概要360多公里，早9点出发晚5点半回到旅馆。D25——D316月6日——6月12日，青海湖——辽宁滨海路锦州区域，骑行2200公里D32：到家！2012.5.13——2012.6.13辽宁营口——西藏拉萨——辽宁营口行程：一万公里 5月7号上午去了二龙哥们那里准备把摩托维护一下，到了那里他不在，带孩子看病去了。等了一小会，二龙一回来就换上衣服帮我做维护。换了机油和机滤轮胎充气并对刹车做了调节，亲自试骑了下，哥们还亲手为车上了链条油，关羽在此感激不尽！ 5月8号开始整理随行的必备品，把闲了一冬的车包也拿出来了，边包还可以只是横包坏了，想想原因是去年骑行的时候过多的使用了横包，雨水浇过后没有及时晾晒导致糟了，哎。。。无奈呀，只好淘宝又拍了个高大威的横包。 5月9号早5点到店，自己又对车进行小规模的检查，灯光离合器高低驮包的货架后视镜锁紧。。。10点去哥们的洗车行刷车顺便还蹭了顿饭。下午渤海大街骑行西炮台、好旺角、湿地，南行至热电厂，检查下机器性能。去钢铁买的塑料膜，然后到一个做衣服的那里做了2个大的驮包防雨罩，因为进藏后的天气随时会变以防万一，但愿我的爱车能顺利的驮着我离西藏越来越近！ 5月12日，准备装备装车！一切准备就绪，心情竟然出奇的平静，一路上的精彩在等着我，梦想，离我越来越近了！ 13号早9点木子户外出发，本想低调出行，无奈几个铁杆哥们执意要送，感受着哥们的依依离别之情，世界上，友情才是最暖的，我笑了送行的车队送君千里终须别，大桥下，抽完这只烟，我将独自踏上征程 D1：出发行驶到盘锦曙光采油厂，突然一辆辽F牌照的雅马哈踏板超了上来，呵呵你超就超吧我不急，走了一段路后前方来到了修桥的位置，那辆踏板傻眼了，随即摆手示意我停车向我问路，后来得知这哥们是从丹东一路骑行过来的，终点北京，几天前和女友回丹东老家，在丹东买的摩托要骑回北京。这北京的哥们只带了头盔穿了件骑行服下面牛仔裤旅游鞋，我就问他：你就这样骑到北京吗？那哥们笑了说，女友开奥迪A4在高速上呢！原来如此有救援车跟随，强！！！既然是同路人免不了相互的递烟点烟，那哥们也对我说：我超你的时候就能感觉出来你是要进藏的，我说为什么你能看出来呢？他回答说辽H牌照如此的装备并且是向南骑行，后来得知这哥们也是个驴。。。他女友来电问路，然后我接的告诉她在锦州东下然后左拐直行26公里滨海路和我们汇合。午餐一起吃的北京哥们消费，由于路上风大并且海边骑行，我把我随身带的冲锋裤给那哥们穿了。晚餐北戴河哥们接待，并且给北京的哥们和女友安排了晚上住的宾馆，在送他去宾馆的路上他感慨的说了句：同是同路人天下驴友一家亲！大哥北京有事您言语！ 13号早9点出发晚上5点到达北戴河，行驶里程395公里油耗12升行驶时间8小时（其中累计休息1小时）哥们家的狗狗哥们的媳妇在给俺做早餐 D2： 5月14号一直走行在河北省唐山和天津滨海路，看惯了我们家乡的海对这里的海没有感觉了，进入河北管辖区后一片大平地所以就没有拍片。 14号的骑行路线是：北戴河-昌黎-乐亭-唐海县-天津滨海新区-天津北外环-霸州-白沟-保定徐水县，骑行447公里。晚上入住徐水大酒店，经理亲自接待了我，说佩服我的独行，惭愧。两个保安轮流为我看了一夜的车，真的很感谢 D3 5月15号骑行路线：保定徐水县-保定-望都县-定州市-新乐市-正定县-绕行石家庄外环-鹿泉市-307国道-平定县-山西阳泉市-寿阳县，骑行300公里其中100公里盘山路，路上都是拉煤的大货车。石家庄路遇广西的小伙子，广西做飞机去拉萨然后飞北京，北京买的车骑回广西！离开石家庄进入山西开始有山了心情随之也特别好，看看这山顶部多平，觉得很像我们那里的官财山！拉煤的车很多我算了下每隔10秒就有一辆通过，不到山西你是不知道有多少拉煤的车！连日来没有雨，路面为什么会这样的亮！并且有点滑! 猜猜？答案：由于都是拉煤的车，煤面难免会掉落到路面很多车碾压后就造成煤色的镜面了并且有点滑! 营口还没有建筑如此讲究的散热塔进入山西境内随处可见的老建筑进入山西山西人民欠迎你！哈哈！如同9几年的时候北京欢迎尔！路这个隧道长将近1600米，里面通行的都是拉煤的车，隧道灯很暗，里面空气夹杂着煤灰让人窒息，根本什么也看不到，大车呼啸着从你的身后发疯的超过，幸亏我有双闪，好可怕呀！晚上到住处，我就像是从煤堆里扒出来的一样，脸黑黑的，照照镜子，原来我从刚果来，哈哈入关了，还能见到长城 D4： 5月16日早8点半出发11点到达平遥，骑行152公里，骑行路线：寿阳县-S216-南燕竹镇-晋中-太谷县-平遥古城直接骑进平遥古城感觉特爽，最后在步行街附近停下，和附近一家地方小吃的伙计攀谈起来，了解一下在网上收索不到的信息，最后决定应该今天住下。感觉进城后一切事情都很顺利，随便找了家城内居民的自家小旅馆真是随我心愿，即解决了住又解决了车和包看管的问，车直接就停在我住的门口。解开了随车包换衣服，清洗换下的几件衣服后开始逛城！今天出发时的路路上村口的山西吊炉饼，看人家那手艺和设备，老娘帮着儿子一起做生意！其实也很贵的一元一个，我觉得这么大小的饼在我们营口应该一元两个吧！途经榆次老城平遥古城随拍！本来想介绍下平遥古城，上网一搜都是，大家自己去找吧呵呵！给我的感觉是住在这里的人每家都有文物，并且吃饭、睡觉、生活每天都在一起相伴，以下的片都是真实的。另外一家古今结合，古老的家具和现代的高科技电脑。。。当铺家的地道([]

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