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其实这个国家在很大程度上跟中国相似但它妈的又在很多方面比中国神奇的多09月25日从上海出发飞加尔各答（2天），途经大吉岭（4天）———瓦拉纳西（5天）———克久拉霍（2天）———欧恰（6天）———普什卡（5天）———焦特普尔（3天）———杰伊瑟尔梅尔（8天）———库里（2天）———比卡内尔（1）———阿姆利则（2天）———达兰萨拉（4天）———里希盖什（7天）———赫尔德瓦尔（3天）———阿格拉（6天）———拘尸加耶（3天）———尼泊尔（29天）———拉萨（9天）———上海沙漠小村库里的沙丘阿姆利则的金庙达兰萨拉的金发女郎在加尔各答住在了背包客聚集地SUDDER STREET（萨德街），一个很平民化的地方清晨的萨德街正是劳苦大众忙着在街边的公共水龙头洗刷身体的时候流浪狗也在小巷子寻觅着食物街边的流浪儿早晨的去茶馆喝点印度茶再配一些小甜品糕点打出租车去5年前曾做过义工的特蕾莎仁爱之家仁爱之家旁边的一座神庙神庙旁边的水池供信徒们沐浴到了印度人力三轮车一定要去坐坐在萨德街比较了一下，就是这家兑换店公道一些，人民币可以换到8.3卢比店主也比较好说话喝甜茶、奶昔用的土陶碗土陶碗是一次性用品，喝完一杯后就摔碎掉。。。萨德街的路边小食摊背包客们的最爱要了一碗价廉物美的韩国泡饭因为5年前在加尔各答玩了6天，所以这次呆了2天就离开乘坐夜班火车去大吉岭。([]
最新章节： 第521章 如棋 （ 2024-05-27 18:15:47）
更新时间： 2024-05-27 17:11:51
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国产日本欧美一二三四区
杨佳蓉序……….“到处流浪， 命运唤我奔向远方， 我看这世界像沙漠， 它四处空旷没人烟…… 到处流浪…… ”。 一首《拉兹之歌》，让多少人对印度向往，就是这部印度电影，在中国大陆首先揭开了印度神秘的面纱。让无数人梦寐中或多或少带上了印度情结，什么时候能有机会去到那个并不遥远的国度，亲耳聆听那曼妙婉转的歌声；亲眼目睹那阿娜多姿的舞蹈；亲身感受那美丽迷人的印度姑娘……。随着国门的打开，蜂拥而出的中国人，开始漫向世界各地。印度的一切又逐次在中国人的眼前清晰起来；那无数精美的古代建筑、壮丽的泰姬陵和它美妙的故事传说、一千多年前的性文化雕塑群、多次荣登世界小姐宝座的印度姑娘、加上印度的脏、乱、差…….这一切让印度更加神秘、更加不可思议。2013年9月初，一个偶然的机会，到印度自助游去，变成了我的旅游计划。时间；2013年9月到2013年10月21日；内容；制定自助游路线。筹备所需资料和物品。 参考去过印度的旅游攻略和印度文化建筑介绍。大致决定在印度自助游从东面的加尔各答开始，历时22天。到达最西面的阿姆利则后返回德里离开。具体路线如下；加尔各达（Kolkata）————菩提迦叶（BodhGaya）——————瓦纳拉西（VaranASI）————克久拉霍（Khajuraho）————阿格拉（Agra）————斋普尔（Jaipur）————乌代普尔（Udaipur）————热那克普（Rannakpur）————焦德普尔（Jodhpur）————杰沙梅尔（杰伊瑟尔梅尔Jaisalmer）———比卡内尔（Bikaner）————阿姆利则（Amritsar火车先到JALANDHAR贾朗达尔后，再转LOCAL BUS）————德里（New Delhi）印度自助游有关准备工作；换汇；印度很多城市可使用信用卡。中国人的习惯都是带上现金。那就在银行调换好美金备用。但，印度的换汇比率随时在变化。可根据自己的需要兑换成印度卢比（Rs）。我在印度期间兑换率是；10月23日在加尔各答机场，100$==5597Rs.10月24日在加尔各答萨德街上的换汇点，100$==6010Rs.10月25日在菩提迦叶100$==6050Rs.11月6日在焦德普尔100$==6020Rs。 11月13日在德里100$==6050Rs.相比之下，在到达印度机场时最好不换汇，那个差别实在太大了。出了机场到了市区，随便找家换汇点先换部分，以后随时可以在所到城市换取Rs使用。2， 证；印度的证在亚洲国家里相对比较麻烦比较烦琐。个人旅游证需要提供如下资料；（1）、护照原件：（六个月零十天以上有效期）。（2）照片：2张白底彩照，5cm * 5cm正方形，(同美国证照片尺寸一样，需露耳朵，不接受扫描或不清晰的照片)。（3）存款证明：人民币一万元以上的银行存款证明原件（至少四个月冻结期）（4）、公司在职证明（英文版）（5）、身份证复印件：1份，正反面复印到一张纸上，（6）、个人证申请表（可在网上搜索下载）。印度出入境卡；印度出入境卡； 印度一般是有效期三个月，30天的旅游证。网上有专门办代理证的公司。但费用比较高。可在网上查讯，有要690元的，有要850元的，还有喊价1500元的。我请北京的一个朋友帮我代办的证，是她亲自把材料送到印度使馆，30天的旅游证371元。这位朋友已只是在网上认识尚未谋面的朋友。网名彩云游子。帮忙如此热心，让我好生感激，不知有没有机会报答这位朋友这份情谊。 证办好后，最好把你的护照首页和证页复印若干份，在印度买火车票和住宿都需要护照复印件和证复印件。你可根据你在印度旅游的时间来决定复印多少份为宜。3，交通；在印度国内旅行，铁路四通八达，价格非常便宜，所以，坐火车是在印度国内旅行的首选。火车有很多等级，Superfast, Fast, Express, Passenger。等级不同票价不同，车体的新旧也不同。应尽量避免Passenger，这种普客又挤又慢，车厢十分破旧。车票也分为很多级别。有2nd Class Chair（硬座）；2nd Class Sleeper（硬卧）；2nd A/C( 空调硬卧)，和1st A/C(空调软卧)等。空调车舒适度好，价格可能是2nd Class Sleeper的2-3倍左右，车上提供饮料和餐食，通常是印度富裕人士和外国游客乘坐。火车售票分为售票处（BOOKING OFFICE）和预售处（RESERVATION OFFICE），一些大站（如新德里）有专门的外国人售票处（International Tourist Bureau），可是有的International Tourist Bureau不售票，只提供咨询和休息，买车票去RESERVATION OFFICE。在德里、加尔各答、孟买等大城市购买火车票比较紧张，不大容易买到当天或第二天的火车票，如有可能最好在国内出发前就先定好在印度国内旅行的火车票。但一般中小城市买火车票还是很容易，很多城市还专门有外国人购买火车票的窗口和侯车室。这是购买印度火车票的印度铁路官方网站；https//www.irctc.co.in/。火车站内常用设施中英文对照：火车站在印度习惯讲：RailwayStation上铺〈UB〉、中铺〈MB〉、下铺〈LB〉，以及靠走道的上铺〈SU〉与下铺〈SL〉，火车问讯处：Enquiry或Railway Information 站台：plantform存包的地方：cloak room女士候车室：Lady’s Waiting room 车掌：TTE, Train Ticket Examiner候车室：Waiting room（通常有浴室和厕所）高等级车票候车室：upper class waiting room（一般指3A以上级别。印度人不是这个档次车票不会进来。您是老外，别管你拿什么级别车票，进去再说）普通卧铺候车室：sleeper class waiting room（人比较多，也比较脏）休息室：Retiring Room餐厅：refreshment room 查票：ticket checker 还要多少时间How many more times 来回机票；去印度肯定要考虑买好来回的机票，有很多这方面的攻略。主要是能买到最便宜的机票可以为你的旅行节省不少的银子，请要去的朋友最好提前半年留意机票信息，争取定到最便宜的来回机票。汽车；印度的汽车相对比火车贵点。下列是印度北部主要城市间距离和汽车价格（长途客车）。乌代普尔——阿格拉 630KM12小时180Rs乌代普尔——孟买 730KM16小时200Rs乌代普尔——德里 670KM14小时200Rs乌代普尔——斋普尔 406KM9小时 200Rs乌代普尔——焦特布尔 275KM 8小时 110Rs乌代普尔——科塔 6小时110Rs乌代普尔——阿埠山 7小时 100Rs 4，住宿;印度现在随旅游业的发达。住宿非常方便。每个城市乃至有景点的乡村都有高档的星级宾馆和家庭式小旅社、和类式青年旅社那样的小客栈。我个人不很喜欢住高档的酒店。这种地方，人与人之间的关系比较冷漠，无法真正接触和感知所在国家的真实状况、找不到贴近当地人生活的感觉。我比较喜欢家庭式的小旅社，小客栈。这样的地方有它独特的装修风格，甚至墙上有大量来往人员的涂鸦。住在这样的地方，你可以和老板、老板娘亲密接触。他们已多半有问必答，热心地为你帮忙和力尽所能的指点你怎样在这里玩的舒服。和大酒店比起来，这种地方价格非常便宜。哪怕你在旅馆里蒙头大睡几天，已不会心痛每天帐单上增加的银子数。 5，印度的饮食特点；A，糊状菜；如果说中国菜的特点是“清清白白”，色香味三者，色是摆在第一位的，因好看可以激发食欲；印度菜的特点则是“糊糊涂涂”，各种主菜都放一大把咖喱粉，看起来都一个颜色。荤菜不亲口尝一尝，很难区分是什么肉类；蔬菜也是捣成糊状，搁些咖喱。在中国人看来，长时间的煮熬使维生素尽失，令人觉得可惜，印度人则乐此不疲。说印度菜把香放在首位恐怕并不过分。不过，印度菜的香并非中国人所习惯闻的那种香味，而是太香了；印度菜的辣味也并非中国人所习惯的咸辣、酸辣或麻辣，而是“冲”鼻子的辛辣，许多中国人恐怕一时难以适应。 B，吃素；印度虔诚的佛教徒和印度教徒都是素食主义者，耆那教徒更是严格吃素，吃素的人占印度人口一半以上，因此，印度是典型的素食王国，素食文化是印度饮食文化中最基本的特色之一。 C，手抓饭；多数印度人，包括上流社会的人通常习惯用手抓饭吃。印度人进餐时一般是一只盘子、一杯凉水，把米饭和饼放在盘内，菜和汤浇在上面。印度人的主食主要是米饭和饼，他们喜欢吃的并非中国人的白米饭，而是把饭煮熟后，放些油和调料，饭的颜色呈黄色，或者同别的什么菜炒在一块。用手把菜和饭混在一起，在盘里搅拌几下，抓起来捏一捏，然后送进口内。 D，不抽烟不喝酒；受宗教禁忌的影响，印度人几乎不喝酒，嗜酒成瘾者或酒量很大者极少，从未见过印度人一饮而尽地干杯，也从未见过有人行酒令或醉倒过。印度抽烟的人极少，公务往来和红白喜事，从未有人敬烟。印度的烟仅10支装，印度人口袋里装一包烟、一个打火机的不多，一些烟民宁愿买一支抽一支。 E，香辣咖喱唱主角： 印度人做菜用得最多、最普遍的是咖喱粉。咖喱粉是用胡椒、姜黄和茴香等20多种调料合成的一种香辣调味品，呈黄色粉末状。印度饮食文化也可以称为咖喱文化，这种饮食文化以香辣味道为特色。人们谈到印度饭，首先想到的十之八九是咖喱饭。咖喱饭可以是素食，也可以是荤食；可以是米饭，也可以是面食。印度人对咖喱粉可谓情有独钟，几乎每道菜都用，咖喱鸡、咖喱鱼、咖喱土豆、咖喱菜花、咖喱汤等等，每个经营印度饭菜的餐馆都飘着一股咖喱味。 F，野味无人敢问津 在许多中国人看起来是美味佳肴的东西，印度人基本上不吃。印度没有野味店，不仅野味无人问津，就是蟮鱼、泥鳅、甲鱼、乌龟、蛇这些东西，印度人也不吃，至于吃狗肉、猫肉、鸽子肉等，更是想都不敢想的事。印度人基本上不吃各种肉类的下水内脏，因而价格便宜得不可思议，有的几乎等于不要钱。例如，5个卢比(相当于1元钱人民币)可以买到1公斤鸡爪。在印度可以看到和边几斤重的大鱼就在岸边游来游去，伸手可捉，但却无人问津。 G，印度菜的特点就是糊状菜，而且还加以各种色素，黄的汤，绿的糊，红的泥。如果没有一段时间的适应，是很难习惯的。此外，无论在家庭还是餐馆，印度人认为生水是最好的饮料，餐桌上总会有一杯凉水。印度主要食物列表： Dal：是主要的素食菜之一，由几种大豆混合香料，经长时间熬制而成。 Tandoori：印度式的烘烤。 Lassi：印度酸奶。印度甜品：香浓甜滑，非常值得品尝。 Chutney：印度小蘸料，微酸中带点薄荷的香味。 ， 6 ，语言：印度民族众多，语言复杂，据统计，印度共有1652种语言和方言。其中使用人数超过百万的达33种。英语在印度很有影响。除宪法规定的18种语言为联邦官方语言外，还规定英语为行政和司法用语。英语和印地语同为官方语言。北印度语言主要包括印地语和乌尔都语等。南印度语言主要有泰米尔语、泰卢固语等。印度东北地区语言主要包括那加语和米佐语等。印度中部地区主要有桑塔尔语、蒙达语等。还有安达曼语，主要流行于安达曼群岛。下面是印地语中常用单词的谐音。（仅供参考）。你好 那玛斯第 对不起；察玛加里伍。 谢谢，达尼亚哇多。 请，哥利比亚。 是；哈伍。 不是，那兴伍。男，布鲁丝. 女，斯多里.少女，拉鲁奇。 青年，拉里加。 小孩，巴查亚。单人房，埃克 比得 哇拉。 双人 多比得哇拉。 钱，巴伊沙。 价钱，达姆. 结帐，希沙布。 吃饭，加纳。洗手间，巴多鲁姆多伊拉特。 计程车，塔克西。船， 那乌。 列车，托里伊伍. 飞机， 夏哇伊 渣哈子。 商店，多卡伍。 邮局，坡斯特奥费斯。 银行，巴伍克。医生，多可塔。 警务督察，波里斯。日本人， 渣巴尼 印度人，兴多士塔尼。 东，布拉布。 南，达克西伍。 西，巴斯千姆。 北，沃太鲁。 左，巴埃伍。 右，达希纳。 星期一，苏姆哇尔。 星期二，码葛鲁哇尔 星期三，布多哇尔。 星期四，格鲁哇尔。 星期五，苏克鲁哇尔 星期六，谢尼哇尔。星期日，拉布伊哇尔1，埃克。 2，多。 3，添伍。4，查尔。5，巴伍。6，千。 7，沙特。 8，阿特。9，娜乌。10，达斯。100，斯乌。你叫什么名字？ 阿布加 卡亚那母 哈伊？你好吗？ 阿布加卡亚哈鲁哈伊？我很好，多谢。马因地哥夫达尼亚圭多。我叫张三。 米拉那母张三哈伊。 再见吧， 费路米丽伍葛。这是什么？伊埃期亚哈伊？ 不知道。 巴塔那兴。可不可以和你照张像？ 期亚玛因阿布卡弗多理鲁伍？印度是非常好的地方！ 姆谢巴拉多拍沙得哈伊！有房间吗？ 卡母拉哈伊卡亚？ 洗手间在哪儿？ 拉巴多里卡哈哈伊？请给我看菜单， 曼纽的卡地尖。 给我红茶， 玛因查埃布因格。很好吃， 巴付伊阿查拉格。 结帐。 比鲁的尖。想去医院。 荷士比塔渣那哈伊。 请叫医生。 大格塔布拉的谢伊。不太舒服。 塔比亚多的克那兴哈伊。什么时间出发？ 格鲁希期多你巴谢求弟哥。这是哪儿？ 伊埃卡亚渣那渣塔夫伍？ 请便宜点。 加姆加路那阿。请带我去成都酒店。 姆谢成都荷塔尔来查罗。我想去成都。 姆谢成都渣那哈伊。 这个多少钱？ 伊斯加达姆卡亚哈伊？不要。 那希伍查亚伊埃。 太多了。 伊埃巴好托渣达哈伊。请给我一点点。 托拉沙的伊芬。 这个好。 姆谢伊埃拍沙得哈伊。这个不合适我。 姆谢伊埃拍沙得那希伍。我要买纺织品。 玛因里斯面加布拉加里多纳察哈他。请给我看这条K金项链。 苏耐期伊埃马拉地加伊埃。有没有钻石戒指？ 阿布朗巴斯希里期阿达地伊哈伊？你住在哪里？ 阿布加汗拉希地哈伊伍？我住在成都。 马因成都面拉希达芬伍。7，电话；目前印度有14家移动运营商经营移动电话业余。印度移动电信市场竞争激烈，排名随时在变换。2012年底的排名是；Idea拥有5590万用户，BSNL为5520万。 其次是巴帝电信（Bhart Airtel）；沃达丰爱莎（VodafoneEssar）。在CDMA领域排名靠前的还有Reliance、BSNL、塔塔电信（Tata Teleservices）等，它们均同时运营GSM/CDMA双网。在印度购买移动电话卡，最好买排名靠前的移动运营商的卡，这些公司在印度国内几乎每个乡镇都有维护网点。便于调整你所使用的移动卡任何问。有的小的移动运营商，即使其所销售的卡要便宜些，但如是打电话或上网有什么障碍，很难在你所在的城市找到该公司的维护网点，那卡就等于白买了。 8 ，费用；我10月23日晚上到达印度加尔各答。11月14日从德里离开，在印度境内呆了23天。除去来回机票不计。所花费用主要是；A，住宿，3800RS。（火车上渡过4个晚上，在火车站渡过2个晚上，在阿姆利则金庙免费住了1个晚上。实际只住了15夜。） B，景点门票；3000RS。（其中最贵的是泰姬陵750RS。最不值得的是德里的贾玛清真寺300RS。其他大多是200RS以下。） C，吃；我在印度用在吃上的钱不多，除了个别情况外，一般每顿200RS，就够了。在印度最奢侈的一顿是在千柱庙出来，吃了一顿自助餐，每人320RS。大约每天伙食费在600RS，23天在吃上用去13800RS。还包含每天必吃的酸奶。 D，行；在印度坐了七段火车，4200RS。从菩提迦叶到瓦纳拉西、乌代普尔到焦德普尔、比卡内尔到阿姆利则这三段坐的长途汽车，共用3100RS。坐tutu 车用去2500RS。交通费用合计9800RS。E，其他杂用；电话卡、小费、水果4500RS。在印度23天，除去机票不算，总共花费34900RS。折合人民币3500元左右。 9，印度人的习俗； A，印度人是用摇头表示赞同，用点头表示不同意。人们用手抓耳朵表示自责；召唤某人的动作是将手掌向下摆手指，但不能只用一个指头；指人时也要用整个手掌，不能用一两个指头。 B，印度人大多习惯用传统的佛教手势－－双手合十。互相问好祝安。双手合十时，把双手举到脸部前才算合十。这种招呼，显得比握手高尚、文雅。注意切莫在双手合十的时候，也同时点头,容易引起当地人的嗤笑,那就破坏了亲切和气的气氛,显得有点不伦不类了。 C，印度人吃饭，习惯用手抓捏饭揉成团送进口里。但必须是用右手。给别人递食物、餐具，更得用右手。这是因为人们认为右手干净。 D，公共厕所，按当地的习惯，只要有墙的地方就是厕所。甚至在Varanasi人头攒动的大街上都可以随时面对墙方便。印度人大便后不用纸，而用左手沾水擦洗。所以千万不要用左手递食物给印度人，不要用左手和印度人握手。E，切莫抚摸小孩的头，头部是人体最高的部分,也是人体中最神圣无比的部分,尤其是孩子的头,被视为神明停留之处,所以,在任何情况之下绝不允许触摸。切莫对印度人吹口哨，那是冒犯人的举动，是没有教养的表现。 F，印度妇女喜欢在前额中间点有吉祥痣，其颜色不同，形状各异，在不同情况下表示不同意思，它是喜庆、吉祥的象征。印度男女多有配带各种装饰品的习惯。 G，印度人走进寺庙或厨房之前，先要脱鞋。穿鞋进去，既不礼貌，也不圣洁。不论男女老幼，统统把鞋放在门口，赤脚进去。 P，讳白色，习惯用百合花作悼念品。他们忌讳弯月图案，视1、3、7为不吉祥数字，和印度人交谈，要回避有关宗教矛盾、和巴基斯坦的关系、中印冲突、工资以及两性关系的话。([]
国内午夜人人一级一区天天
张美君该贴记录本人在美国游记的点点滴滴，分享给大家，供大家欣赏，希望广大驴友强烈支持下实拍国立美国历史博物馆 这是我自己感觉最难写的一个博物馆，我最怕的是这个帖子最终变成了一堆片子，而我希望的是朋友们能和我一样，在穿越这二百多年历史的浮光掠影之后，能带着一点思考。 国立美国历史博物馆，英文全名是“The National Museum of American History”，与以前介绍的航天航空博物馆、和国立自然历史博物馆一样，是世界上最大的博物馆体系 — 史密森尼博物馆（Smithsonian Institution）下属的十六所博物馆之一，亦是美国最大的历史博物馆。国立历史博物馆位于华盛顿国家广场中段的北边，东邻以前介绍过的自然历史博物馆，南门遥对美国农业部。馆舍长175米，纵深91.5米、高36.7米，是一个白色大理石的五层建筑，总面积75万平方英尺，包括地下室、三层展厅、两层办公室和储藏室，顶层是机械动力室。我去的时候圣诞节刚过，大厅里还伫立着有两层楼高的圣诞树。 美国历史博物馆的展区有三层，一层设农业技术、交通运输、电话电信、纺织、医药等；第二层设第一夫人服饰、移民、昔日日常生活、移民发展等部门，三层设军队史、兵器、报纸、邮政、乐器、货币与纪念章、陶瓷器等部门。博物馆的宗旨是“收藏、保管和研究影响美国人民经历的物品”，展览的主是表现美国人的生活，时间从美国独立战争结束至当代，整个陈列反映了欧洲各国移民到达美洲大陆后艰苦创业，开发技术，共同努力创造一个统一的不断发展的美利坚合众国的历史。与一般的历史博物馆不同，美国历史博物馆的展品不是按年代和地区陈列的，而是按专，这与美国历史的短暂及藏品博杂很有关系。 新近开放了为911专辟的展区：911-历史的见证。在那里，人们可以看到前纽约市长朱利安尼在纪念活动中带过的帽子、来自各地的义务工作者在救援活动中使用过的工具、纽约警车残骸以及无数的图片与故事等，这些物品，忠实记录着那一震惊世界的事件，更提醒人们对生命的尊重与生存的意义。这是被攻击的美国五角大楼 9月11日那天飘扬的旗帜。 星条旗馆区是必须看的，那里有1812年第二次对英战争中飘扬在麦克亨利堡上空的长14米，宽10米的大星条旗。 美国总统展区有很多实物，包括：美国第一任总统华盛顿的制服、戴过的假发和使用过的佩剑、杰佛逊起草《独立宣言》时用过的办公桌、杰佛逊使用过的圣经、林肯的帽子、卢瑟福总统的广播话筒等。· · 反映美国服饰的展厅里以白宫室内布置为背景，塑有自玛莎·华盛顿以来历届美国第一夫人穿着礼服的蜡像，成为200年美国贵妇人服饰演变的史料展示。· 我最喜欢的是肯尼迪夫人的礼服，简约却唯美，透着十足的品位，某种程度上解释了为什么她曾经会是最受上流社会男人追捧的女人。 奥巴马夫人的礼服在我看来只是一件普通的晚礼服，从礼服上可以判断，第一夫人的个子真的是好高哟。· 顺时针：林肯夫人、卢瑟福夫人、卡特夫人、和艾森豪威尔夫人的礼服。 对战争史有兴趣的游客可以在第三层参观关于越战、炮舰、西点军校、以及冷战时期的陈列。这里还有货币、纪念章、防止品、印制品的展览。这是南北战争时候火炮实物。 左：1838年Spencer发明的显微镜。右上：1844年摩尔电码电报机键。右下：1888年柯达制作的第一台照相机。 左上：1926年的1401蒸汽机模型。左下：1897年史蒂芬·巴隆制造的四轮轻型汽车。右：1846年Elias Howe发明的缝纫机。 左：1965年贝尔直升机为美国军方制作的Huey65-10091，1966年参与了对越作战。右：星球大战制片人George Lucas制作的机器人角色R2-D2.在实际的电影中，这两个机器人是穿着服装的演员扮演的。 左：拳王阿里的拳击手套和毛巾外披。右上：著名现代爵士乐圆号师 Dizzy Gillespie 在1972年-1985年间演奏使用的号，这圆号的扭曲处原本是偶然事故造成的，但他发现这样的演奏效果更好。右下：迈克尔·杰克逊的帽子。 左上/右上：电影《绿野仙踪》（The Wizard of OZ）里女主角穿的那双著名的红宝石鞋。左下：狮子王的面具。右下：著名卡通剧最早的模型。顺时针：史上最著名的棒球运动员Babe Ruth名的棒球，奥运会冠军的冰鞋和体操衫。 同时还有展区展出了18世纪邮局模型、古老邮票、和民族乐器等。最后我想花点时间专门说一下这个在一层展区的历史实物：The Woolworth’s Lunch Counter （Woolworth餐馆的午餐桌，作者译）。· 在1960年，黑人还不允许坐在北卡罗来纳州Greensboro市 F.W.Woolworth 饭店的午餐桌子上吃饭，那时，种族的不平等在美国南方还是司空见惯的事情，不论是在饭馆、卫生间、和其他公共场所，黑人都被“Jim Crow”这种族不平等的条理制约，无法获得平等的选举、租房、甚至外出就餐的权利。 1960年2月1日，四个黑人大学生来到这里、坐下、然后礼貌地点午餐，他们的要求被拒绝了，并被勒令离开，但是他们一直坚持坐在那里，这种被动和平的反抗方式点燃了美国年轻人中挑战种族不平等运动的战火，成百的学生、民权组织、教堂和社区的人员逐渐加入抗议，和Woolworth 饭店持续对峙了六个月。1960年7月25日，饭店最终不得不妥协，废除了种族隔离的规定。 国立美国历史博物馆展示了美国不同时期历史的演进过程，从南北战争、美国工业革命，到科学的进步历程，美国史上的点点滴滴都有包含。浏览其中，仿佛走入历史的画卷，在了解一代代移民艰苦创业、体验人文与科技的演变之余，你也许会更深地体会到，浩如星海的历史并非仅仅由大事组成，每一次历史变革都起源于我们普通百姓自己的争取和努力，每一个普通人也时时刻刻在创造着历史，也许因此，你会对生活和生命增添更多的期待和热爱吧。你看你看它们的眼钱塘湖春行白居易孤山寺北贾亭西，水面初乎云脚低。几处早莺争暖树，谁家新燕啄春泥。乱花渐欲迷人眼，浅草才能没马蹄。最爱湖东行不足，绿杨阴里白沙堤。 前两天贴了一组“乱花渐欲迷人眼”的图片，突然就想起了这组马的片子，好像只有配到一起才能对得起白翁。这组片子答应朋友很久了，要周末了，翻出来轻松一下。 曾有个朋友去新墨西哥州旅行，在沙漠地带拍到一群野马，很剽悍、很漂亮，让我很羡慕。我们山里也常看得到野马，貌似和鹿一样，已经基本上不怕人了。· 弗吉尼亚有很多牧场上经营着种马场，主要是配种生殖参加赛马比赛的公马，也允许人去参观，那里有很多漂亮的马，我惊异的是它们看人的眼神，那里面有着一种审视和警觉。([]
天天噪曰曰噪天天噪
周怡梅Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
天堂vs美国vs欧洲
王思达终于下决心开贴了，这次旅行回来已经一年多了，最近事情比较多，自己也对码字很头疼，今天浏览一番去年的旅游照片，再不写点东西，有些事情的细节可能就会遗忘了。 喜欢旅游的人，对欧洲是很向往的，10多年之前已经去过二次，一次是单位的福利，走马观花的15天10多个国家，稀里糊涂的就结束了旅行。第二次是陪老妈跟旅行团去的，摆脱不了上车睡觉，下车尿尿，景区拍照，回来啥也不知道的结局。现在岁数大了，有时间国内国外的到处走走看看，这几年也走过不少地方，感觉欧洲还是值得再次深度旅游。 要想玩的好，那绝对不能跟旅游团，自己去的话，行程安排就是个头疼的事情，欧洲那么大，几乎每个角落都有可看可玩的地方，放弃任何地方都是可惜的事，一次玩遍欧洲的话，是件很费力的大事。对着地图研究了很长时间，分两次玩遍欧洲是最好的选择，一次是从最南边的土耳其开始，一路北下，贯穿欧洲到最北边的北极圈。一次是以欧洲中部为主由东到西的环游，每次时间计划在60天左右。 游遍欧洲的旅游计划行程确定好了，让老婆选择先行路线，最后确定先走环游欧洲路线，交通工具是在德国法兰克福租车自驾。 路线确定下来，下面就是证买机票订旅店和租车，这些事情，有很多贴写的很详细，我就不再啰嗦，值得重点说的是，我们去欧洲的机票是北京经俄罗斯中转到法兰克福，已经到了俄罗斯了，为何不办一个俄罗斯过境，顺道去俄罗斯玩一次。申请德证完成后，又成功申请了俄罗斯二次过境证，每次不超过72小时。最后的行程是这样的： 北京出发,法兰克福进出，飞机在莫斯科经停,顺路先去俄罗斯的圣彼得堡.然后到德国的法兰克福,在法兰克福租车，先去海德堡,维尔茨堡，走一段古堡之路，主要游览德国南部众多的古堡和小镇。随后到达布拉格，游玩东欧匈牙利,捷克,斯洛伐克三国。后进奥地利维也纳。再反走阿尔卑斯之路，沿途欣赏色彩浓郁的阿尔卑斯山风光,在起伏平缓的丘陵地带，峻峭的山峰、绿色的森林、古老的乡村、浪漫的山谷,还有迷人的”世界最美乡镇”之称的哈尔施塔特.随后再次进入德国，重温有浓郁色彩的德国小镇和德国巴伐利亚国王的几个皇宫。国王湖和天鹅堡是重点.紧接着就是期盼的瑞士风光，苏黎世进入瑞士，日内瓦出瑞士进入法国，去法国西南部的普罗旺斯看薰衣草，而后去法国著名海滨城市尼斯.沿途游览几个法国城市后直奔西班牙巴塞罗那，观赏马德里附近的几个古镇，流连在各个充满了伊斯兰和古罗马风味的特色城堡。最后去这次的最远端葡萄牙的里斯本。返程途中游览法国西北部海滨城市和卢瓦尔河谷。取道卢森堡到达科隆，走莱茵河谷经科布伦茨到美因茨后回到法兰克福还车。再飞到莫斯科玩2天，最后回北京。预计57天,自驾路线大约1万多公里。路线为：北京—莫斯科—圣彼得堡—莫斯科--法兰克福--海德堡--维尔茨堡--班贝格--纽伦堡--布拉格--布拉迪斯拉发--布达佩斯--维也纳--梅尔克修道院--哈尔施塔特湖--戈绍--萨尔茨堡—国王湖--阿尔卑巴赫—阿亨湖--瓦腾斯水晶--因斯布鲁克---米腾瓦尔德--加米施-帕腾基兴---上阿玛高--林德霍夫宫--普兰湖--菲森--新天鹅堡--列支敦士登--林道--圣加伦--施泰因--苏黎世--卢塞恩--龙疆湖--因特拉肯--劳特布龙嫩--米伦—图恩湖--施皮茨--伯尔尼--马特洪峰--西庸古堡--洛桑--莫尔日--日内瓦--阿纳西--阿维尼翁--薰衣草胜地瓦郎索勒—尼斯--戛纳--马赛--艾克斯--阿尔勒--阿格德--巴塞罗那--萨拉戈萨--马德里—塞哥维亚--阿维拉--托莱多--格拉纳达--科尔多瓦---塞维利亚--梅里达---里斯本--辛特拉--法蒂玛-萨拉曼卡--布尔戈斯--维多利亚--圣塞瓦斯蒂安海滨--比亚里茨--巴约讷---波尔多---图尔--枫丹白露宫--特鲁瓦--卢森堡--科隆--科布伦茨--美因茨--法兰克福—莫斯科—北京。圣彼得堡夏宫莫斯科红场普罗旺斯看薰衣草世界最美乡镇”之称的哈尔施塔特奥地利瑞士尼斯蔚蓝海滨法国卢瓦尔河谷城堡西班牙葡萄牙 有了行程单，证就很好办，住宿我们都是在BOOKING上提前订好，基本上没有变化。租车提前2个月预定，价格有优势。 这次旅行，两个人总花费包括证在内不到8万元人民币。 出门旅游最大的消费就是交通费，我们欧洲环游是自驾，做好行程后，在网上发帖寻找旅伴，有一对绍兴夫妇与我们一啪即合，同步的申请证与订住宿，四个人完成了整个行程，这样，自驾这部分租车费，汽油费，过路费，存车费等四人均摊，费用自然降下来。 住宿费排名第二，根据各自对住宿条件的喜好程度，费用也参差不齐。我们的住宿平均55欧，基本上是中下水平。 饭费也占相当大的比例，我们自带了电饭煲和电磁炉，大部分是自己做饭。在这么长时间总吃西餐人也会疯的。自己做一些顺口的食物，即能保证营养，费用也下降不少。早餐基本上是稀饭和自带的咸菜，再煎鸡蛋或煮鸡蛋，配面包。中餐基本是自带的面包加火腿和各种涂抹料，配牛奶和果汁与蔬菜。晚餐米饭，自做的一荤一素一汤。葡萄酒每晚一瓶是必不可少的节目，牛排，猪排，鸡，鱼是晚餐的主打菜。感觉与在国内自己做菜的费用相差不大，欧洲人在吃饭上是很便宜啊。简单贴一个我们这次旅行的路线图。从图中可以看出，我们的旅行路线基本上就是中世纪神圣罗马帝国的疆域。去一个地方旅游，应该简单了解一下这些地区的历史和人文及信仰。欧洲的历史比较复杂，但从神圣罗马帝国开始就简单的多。这个神圣罗马帝国与罗马凯撒大帝时期的罗马帝国完全是两码事。神圣罗马帝国全称为德意志民族神圣罗马帝国或日耳曼民族神圣罗马帝国，与962年建立，止于1806年。这是一个松散的政治联邦，由王国、大公国、公国、侯国、宗教贵族领地和帝国自由城市组成，他们承认皇帝为最高权威，但各个王国又独立自主。皇帝由七个选帝侯选举产生。这其实就是现在欧盟的鼻祖。帝国的疆域包括近代的德国、奥地利、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡，瑞士，西班牙，葡萄牙，法国东部、意大利北部和中部。帝国的发展历史也是各诸侯国争夺皇位的历史，从15世纪初起，皇位均由奥地利哈布斯堡家族占据，查理五世（1519～1558）是最具代表性的一位君主。他们的大本营是奥地利，匈牙利和捷克斯洛伐克。进入17世纪以后，普鲁士崛起，建立普鲁士王国，随之也就带来了争霸的战争。结局是奥地利哈布斯堡家族惨败。能与神圣罗马帝国相抗衡的只有高卢人，北欧，奥斯曼帝国和欧洲大陆之外的英国。拿破仑的出现打破了这个平衡，16个神圣罗马帝国的成员脱离帝国，加入拿破仑邦联。1806年拿破仑勒令神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗朗茨二世于8月6日放弃神圣罗马帝国皇帝尊号，仅保留奥地利皇帝称号。宣告神圣罗马帝国从此退出历史舞台。1815年，拿破仑战争结束，德意志邦国被并入组织松散的德意志邦联，由奥地利领导。普鲁士新国王威廉一世和卓越的政治家俾斯麦的出现，又一次打破僵局，铁血宰相俾斯麦领导的普鲁士与哈布斯堡家族领导的奥地利展开一场为争夺霸权的普奥战争。站在普鲁士方面的，有梅伦堡、奥尔登堡和北德意志的其他各邦，以及汉堡、不来梅和吕贝克3个自由市和意大利。站在奥地利方面的，有萨克森、汉诺威、巴伐利亚、巴登、符腾堡、黑森一加塞尔、黑森一达姆施塔德和德意志邦联的其他成员国。从大邦国的数量和人口、面积来说，奥地利方面占有优势。但是，从军事实力来说，普鲁士则显然强于对方。但结局是普鲁士大胜，1866年8月23日，奥地利完全退出旧的北德意志联邦。随后的普法战争，普鲁士打败法国，普王威廉一世登基为德国皇帝，德国成为欧陆最强的大国。到此，欧洲各国的格局基本形成。现行的欧盟是不是复辟了过去的神圣罗马帝国我们不得而知，但申根条约的实施却对欧洲大陆的旅游提供了方便。第一天，行程开始。北京机场与绍兴的旅友汇合，洲际航空UN8888 北京 - 莫斯科.起飞0040,到达.0440. 总时长8小时。我们都变成了追日的夸父，由于经纬度的变化，机窗外粉红的彩带一直伴随了我们飞行的大部分时间，这是不是就是传说的永不日落的晚霞？ 准时到达莫斯科伏努科沃VKO机场，出关也很顺利。我们申请了俄罗斯过境证，机票就变为北京--莫斯科往返加莫斯科--法兰克福往返，在莫斯科中转不在同一个机场。今天我们要赶往圣彼得堡。 由于到达时间早，机场快线还没有开始，但第一班公交车611路刚好到达。语言不通，但手机里有莫斯科地铁的照片，拿给司机看，司机点头。莫斯科的公交车没有售票员，市民坐车基本都买公交卡，司机收了我们四人共100P，给一个卡。上车后，打卡才能通过类似公园大门的自动刷卡机进入车厢。来俄罗斯之前，也看过不少人写的游记，都说俄罗斯人粗野，警察也会找麻烦。在车上，小心翼翼的拿出提前打印好莫斯科地铁站名的纸片，与周围人询问下车的地方，还是有人会帮你，坐了将近一个小时，到站后，司机也喊我们该下车了。下公交车，坐红色地铁线去火车站。莫斯科的地铁致是一个红色大写的“M”字，下车后，远远就能看到。从莫斯科去圣彼得堡的火车站在莫斯科地铁红线的Комсомольской（中文叫共青团站）(红线跟环线的交叉站)站，这个站棕线上的站台很漂亮。 俄罗斯人大多数不会讲英语，去俄罗斯旅游，打印一些日常用语带在身边有很大的帮助。贴一些我找到的俄罗斯常用语。城市名字：1．莫斯科Москва 2．圣彼得堡Санкт-Петербург莫斯科景点：1．列宁墓 мавзолей ленина 2．圣瓦西里大教堂Храм Василия Блаженного 3．克林姆林宫Кремль 4．新圣女公墓Новодевичьекла́дбище5．克里姆林宫Кремль6．红场 красная площадь 7．历史博物馆 Государственный Исторический музей 8．瓦西里升天大教堂 Храм Василия Блаженного9．地下商场Охотный ряд10广场манежная площадь 11．普希金造型艺术馆 Государственный музей изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина 12．大剧院Большой Театр (Bolishoi Teatr 13．跳蚤市场Вернисаж （Vernisaj ） 14．莫斯科大马戏团 Большой московский цирк 15.新圣女修道院Hоводевечий Монастырь 16特列季亚科夫画廊Государственная третьяковскаягалерея1．十月火车站МОСКВА ОКТЯБРЬСКАЯ 2．库尔斯克火车站МОСКВА КУРСКАЯ3．雅罗斯拉夫火车站 МОСКВА ЯРОСЛАВСКАЯ 4．白俄罗斯火车站МОСКВА БЕЛОРУССКАЯ 5．地铁共青团站Комсомольской 6．圣彼得堡主火车站САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ-ГЛАВН.7．库尔斯克地铁站КУРСКАЯ 8．白俄罗斯地铁站БЕЛОРУССКАЯ9．起义广场地铁站Площадь Восстания10．游击队站（跳蚤市场）Партизанская 11．麻雀山站Воробьёвы горы12．大学站Университет 13．基督救世主教堂Храм ХристаСпасителя14．老阿尔巴特街Старая улица Арбат15．莫斯科的列宁格勒火车站： MOSKVA OKTYABR'SKAYA 16．全俄展览中心地铁站：ВДНХD．日常用语：1．地铁 метро2．入口 вход（夫货的） 3．出口 выход（威货的）4．售票处 касса5．票 билет 6．厕所 туалет（阿列特）7．谢谢 спасибо 8．对不起 извините9．火车站 вокзал；Железнодо10．公共汽车 автобус 11．退票 возврат билета.12．票数билет в Суздаль в13．时间 пожалуйста.14．银行банк（班克）15．注册就是暂住证регистрация 16．行李寄存处Камера хранения17．城际列车Пригородный поезд 18．直达谢尔盖耶夫的城际列车站Ярославский Вокзал 19．汽车站остановка 20．硬卧плацкарт, platzkart. 21．纯软卧那种мягкий22．软卧包厢купе(kupe)圣彼德堡景点： 1．彼得宫城（夏宫）Петродворец 2．普希金城（皇村）Царское Село3．巴甫洛夫斯克ПАВЛОВСК 4．克鲁泡特金地铁站Кропоткинская 5．叶卡捷琳娜宫ДворецЕкатерины 6．斯莫尔尼宫ДворецСмольный 7．滴血大教堂Спас на Крови 8．尤苏波夫宫Юсуповский дворец 9．彼得保罗要塞Петропавловская Крепость食物：1．红菜汤（罗宋汤）．Борщ 2鱼子酱Икра 3．煎饼Блины 4．烤肉Шашлык 5．克瓦斯Квас 6．三文鱼семга 7．某种红鳟鱼форель 8．少盐的слабосоленный 9．烟熏的подкопченный 10．矿泉水негазированный出地铁站首先看到的建筑。 回头看是地铁出站口。 这里有3个火车站（喀山，亚罗斯拉夫，列宁格勒），我们当时也不知道那个是去圣彼得堡的火车站，拿着打印好的纸片问旁边的警察，警察很热心的指给我们看对面。我拿出相机拍对面的火车站，把警察摄入也没有引起他的不满意。谁说莫斯科警察不好惹？ 我拍照时，一对年轻情侣过来主动要求拍照，并作出夸张的表情，与我们做友好的互动，霎时间，对莫斯科民众的那些不友好传说完全消失。 买票时得知，今天早晨去圣彼得堡的快速火车只有两趟车，现在已经没有票了，下午有一班车，只有几张剩票。赶紧掏钱买票。价格是真心贵。这就是我们不懂外文的弊病，如果能在国内提前在俄罗斯铁网上订票，不仅不会发生这样的事，价格还会便宜不少。 改变计划，先存包在火车站，在附近吃早饭，然后坐地铁去红场。 大街一角矗立着列宁的雕像。列宁是俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国（世界上第一个社会主义国家）的缔造者、布尔什维克党的创始人、十月革命的主要领导人、第一届苏维埃政府人民委员会主席。我在很小的时候就看过原苏联录制的描写列宁一生的电影----“列宁在1918”。如果没有列宁，苏联也可能会走向大部分欧洲皇家变革的君主立宪制。如果真是那样，世界的格局不知道要变成什么样子？ 莫斯科地铁票已经涨价。单次票40P。20次票540P，进入后，可以随意转车，也可以多人使用一张卡。 贴一张莫斯科地铁图和红场周围景点图。 莫斯科地铁车厢太落伍了，没有空调，上边有个小窗户开着，跑起来后声音震耳欲聋，倒是可以吹点凉风进来。中国中车可以打进俄罗斯市场，提供些现代化的车厢了。 车厢不怎么样，但地铁站太值好好看看了，索科尔站的苍穹顶、斯摩棱斯克站的圆柱式大厅、基辅站的巨大拱门大厅和巨型壁画(以十月革命为主)、白俄罗斯站的英雄群雕、诺沃斯洛波德站的民族风格壁画、普希金站诗一般的圣洁、高尔基站(现改名为特维尔站)的神韵，以及最美丽的被誉为“20世纪建筑艺术精品”的马雅可夫斯基站..... 坐地铁来到红场（Okhotnt ryad，红线，绿线，蓝线的交叉站）。红场的意思是“美丽的广场”，“红色”在俄语里包含“美丽”的意思。地面全部由条石铺成，既独特又显得古老而神圣。红场是莫斯科人的骄傲，它是莫斯科的中心广场，见证了莫斯科的历史变化。首先来到二战英雄朱可夫骑马的雕像前，他身后是国家历史博物馆。我们只有上午的一点时间，只能走马观花看看红场的外景了。 朱可夫骑马雕像的右前方是国家杜马。 国家博物馆的右边，在俄罗斯式的凯旋门前有一个蓝顶绿墙的小教堂，教堂门口有人围着的地上有个铜的圆环，这个就是莫斯科的市中心的志，站上去扔个硬币吧，据说是可以带来好运。([]
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杜鸿儒仓央圣道探险笔记111条通往天堂的路 只为途中与你相见 这是一条可以通往天堂的仓央圣道，古道上串着羌塘、可可西里、阿尔金山和罗布泊四大神秘莫测的无人区。 《生死无人区》记载了四个平凡的女子怀抱着不平凡的勇气与毅力行走在这广袤荒凉的无人区里，领略着无人区的生生死死。在羌塘，那是一种剌骨地冷，冷得大家差点“睡”过去；在可可西里，整日被狼与野熊追赶四处逃命，大伙嚷嚷着要写遗书；在阿尔金山，要人命的高反，痛得让人当场就想去死；在罗布泊，除了寂寞就是恐怖，让你读懂生命的真谛。 因为寂寞，她们选择了无人区，带着寂寞的心上路，与宁静的大自然为伍；因为痛苦，她们选择了无人区，长距离的徒步，才会有征服这种痛苦的快感；因为美丽，她们选择了无人区，与大自然为伴，希望人生永远没有终点；因为幸福，选择了无人区，没有无人区，每天停留在同样的路口。 为了庆祝《生死无人区》8月初正式出版上市，以后每天推出《生死无人区》一书中精彩游记一篇，敬请大家指导。 游记目录仓央圣道：只为途中与你相见序给心灵一次放逐的机会 生死羌塘第一章羌塘秘笈第二章 羌塘秘境第三章 羌塘日记前言 （详见214楼）4月11日羌塘独白那哪是什么狼啊，那不是花雕和静雪在翻山呢！ （详见214楼）4月12日羌塘独白羌塘的冷那是一种剌骨地冷，就像置身于一个巨大的冰窖中，夏花体能耗尽，很难再往前行，云起高反缺氧不时呕吐，已出现失温状态，真担心她会“睡”过去，我和夏花焦急地喊着她名字，叫着她不要睡…… （详见288楼）4月13日羌塘独白我边走边祈求佛祖保佑：走出无人区时，手指能完好无损！ （详见330楼）4月14日羌塘独白晚上一直睡不好，迷迷糊糊间感觉有什么东西从帐外经过，感觉热哄哄地贴着我的帐蓬……4月15日羌塘独白湖围着山，山挨着湖，一整天就是反复的从冰冻的湖面穿过去。天空又开始飘起雪花，孤独半天没找到车辙印的延续，云起心里崩溃了，她不想走了，也走不动了，当车接到她时，已经冻的缩作一团。4月16日羌塘独白在单一色彩的群山间突然显现一个洁白圆锥形山体，它孤傲的站立着，弥散着圣洁的光环。那就是岗扎日。远处的山坡上散布着一大群野牦牛，随后进入布满火山石的河谷。4月17日羌塘独白顺着冰河山脚走，赫然出现了一串狼的脚印……原本稀薄的空气变得更加稀薄，伴着暴风雪，手指已渐渐失去知觉，双脚与鞋好像冻成一团无知觉了，双眼和大脑开始迷离起来，当看到李嫂伸出车窗外的的帽子时，我的泪水与鼻涕一同滑落……4月18日羌塘独白开到湖中轮子打滑，只见冰屑四溅，一下就卡死在湖中间，要是车陷冰河，我们可都完了。4月19日羌塘独白牦牛直接转冲向空哥，把空哥顶起有两米多高然后摔下就狂奔而去，空哥当时已经晕过去了，口鼻都来血，把大家都吓坏了。4月20日羌塘独白我们踩着火山石走，就似不小心掉入到一个火山群堆里，就这样从这个锅底翻下来爬上去，又接着从另一个锅底翻下又爬上，如此反复、翻下爬上。4月21日羌塘独白刚走进不到几米，突然觉得不太对劲，感觉慢慢在往下陷，要是再往前走几步，我就陷沼泽里去了。4月22日羌塘独白居然在羌塘看到了海市蜃楼，远处的雪峰折射在云层里若隐若现、如梦似幻。4月23日羌塘独白东温河又冻住一层,鲍刚第一个开车过河开路，可就在离对岸几米的地方突然破冰了，鲍刚差点吓破了胆，如果反应再慢一点就掉冰河里去了。4月24日羌塘独白远远地瞧见两只胖胖的棕熊正往左边的山坡上爬，动作看起来很迟缓，看他俩憨笨的样子着实可爱，远远的又看见有两只狼在雪中奔跑，跑一段还回头瞅上我们一眼，然后又继续跑。4月25日羌塘独白离营地不到几百米的半山坡上居然还有一群野牦牛在溜达呢，看来今晚我们将与野牦牛为邻了。4月26日羌塘独白在无人区里，要是在自己的视线范围内看不到自己的队友，那种感觉是相当恐慌的，当我精疲力竭地回到营地时，还剩半条命。4月27日羌塘独白藏羚羊在欢快地奔跑、野牦牛在悠闲的散步、藏野驴却傻乎乎的给我们行注目礼……打开车窗，一个骑着摩托车的牧民正朝我们驶来，这是进入无人区以来看到的第一个人。后记感悟之一羌塘鼠兔感悟之二羌塘不同情女人 生死可可西里第一章可可西里秘笈第二章可可西里秘境第三章可可西里日记前言4月10日可可西里记事司机李哥流着鼻血，田哥有了高反，头疼的不行，无法躺下睡觉，第一次上这么高海拔，他很害怕，说肯定没命回去了，嚷嚷着要写遗书。4月11日可可西里记事跑到湖边，沾了点水放嘴里，很咸很苦，不是说鲸鱼湖有一小半淡水的嘛！用眼睛贪婪地看，努力想把冰封的鲸鱼湖记在心间。4月12日可可西里记事深夜十一点多，包哥高反严重了，得马上连夜下撤。我赶忙和九尾银狐起来，帮着卸包哥的车，那天孙哥说了一句话，可可西里真不能把女人当女人看。4月13日可可西里记事凌晨听到帐篷外窸窸窣窣的，还有吭哧吭哧喘粗气、啃东西的声音，外帐上还有一巨大的黑影映射，吓得我不敢呼吸，喊乒攀侠说外面有熊，他也很紧张，告诉我不要出声。4月14日可可西里记事孙哥的高反越来越严重了，走路都发抖，嘴唇青紫，根本无法自己开车，我们只剩下李哥一个司机，该如何送，是一个车回去还是两个车都回去……4月15日可可西里记事说到动情处，听到蓝海的哽咽，我们都知道前几天他高反其实挺严重的，几次差点出危险但他都在坚持，就是为了走完可可西里呀，他很担心因为这次的延误而缩减线路计划，那他这些天的苦都白捱了。4月16日可可西里记事我们帐篷3人都没水了，渴得不行。乒攀侠很勇猛地跑到湖边去砸冰，跑到湖边猛踹冰面但踹不下一点冰，冻得结实啊，又箭一样的跑回来。4月17日可可西里记事以前一直不知道信仰到底是怎么来的，这些年慢慢体悟到是爱，爱到极致便是信仰。就如海子是我的信仰一样，爱得简单纯粹、忘我，可以为这份爱抛开凡尘俗世。4月18日可可西里记事洗衣服的时候一只棕头鸥过来挑衅，不停地在我面前走来走去，装着自己是路过的，走几步就一歪头瞪着我，根本就不怕人。4月19日可可西里记事车子回来的时候，乒攀侠背对着车来的方向正在蹲坑，车上的人看营地静悄悄的，还以为我们转湖没回来呢，结果就看到一交通指示灯：红衣服下的白屁股。4月20日可可西里记事翻东湖梁山，天气不好开始飘雪，四周都是白茫茫的,没什么参照物,也没什么野生动物，只看到4头野牦牛和一群奔跑的藏羚羊。4月21日可可西里记事怕拖累队友，我硬撑着继续走，每走一步冷汗都把衣服湿透，我的羽绒服外面全是汗水，又拿出冲锋衣套在身上。西北风抢过我的背包帮我背着，乒攀侠掺着我走了很远，几乎我一半的重量都在他胳膊上。4月22日-24日可可西里记事狼像是要故意迷惑我一样，竟然蹲坐下来。退了大概百米的距离觉得安全一点了，我转身就跑，用平生最快的速度，边跑边回头看狼是否追了上来。4月25日-26日可可西里记事山坡上露出一个头，是一匹狼。这狼很肥，也不怕人，慢悠悠地跑。这狼居然跑到营地来，还撒欢蹦跳，打滚装可爱，好像在说它不是头狼是条狗一样，真是太狡猾了。4月27日-30日可可西里记事在营地附近碰到三头狼，一头母狼带着两头小狼。狼妈妈已经很老了跑都跑不动，看到车子过来它只是示意小狼跑，自己就在那悠闲地吸引我们注意。5月1日-4日可可西里记事西北风正埋头走路，没招谁没惹谁，突然被狂飙而来的三头熊拦住了去路，一头母熊领着两头小熊仔。估计它们娘仨看到武装到眼睛的西北风，也愣了。5月5日可可西里记事我拼命追也追不上，这时候已经渴得很难受了，还有半瓶水在乒攀侠包里，风大，喊他们也听不见，累的我要吐血了。5月6日可可西里记事这4公里真难走啊，陷脚不说，还有很多鼠洞，一踩地就坍塌了。5月7日可可西里记事全部队员都踏上了青藏公路2942处，那一刻，可以用狂喜形容。先到的队员在公路旁扯起五星红旗，西北风甚至跪伏在地亲吻青藏公路。 生死阿尔金第一章阿尔金秘笈第二章阿尔金秘境第三章阿尔金日记地球的眼泪 走过梦中的天堂前言阿尔金见闻之一青藏线上的列车飞驰而过时，我激动；过念青唐古拉山的垭口时，我激动；看到磕长头的藏民时，我更激动……然后，我高反了。阿尔金见闻之二终于到双湖啦！县城所在地海拔4990米，当地人说：爬上三楼海拔就是5000米了。阿尔金见闻之三我胆战心惊地等着双湖第一夜的到来。天黑了，也开始头痛了，痛到要裂开一样。12点准时熄灯，还是睡不着， 胸口时而又堵上了，不时的需要大口地喘气才能好点，一阵阵的恶心，心跳得厉害。阿尔金见闻之四山上很多大大小小的湖，但几乎无一例外的全都给冰封住了，好似一个害怕受到伤害的女人严密的封存住了自己的心，其实那看似冷酷的表面下总是藏着无限的激情，只要你有足够的热情和耐心，冰雪融化之时，就是你收获之日。阿尔金见闻之五这是动物们的天堂，它们悠然的在广阔的大地上或飞奔，或漫步，或嬉戏玩耍。相比之下，我们却被局限在了这拥挤而狭小的车厢内，不敢轻举妄动，被这儿的动物们观摩着。阿尔金见闻之六离开阴森的满山遍野都是白骨的野狼谷，远远的，看到冰面上一个朦胧的小黑影时，王队就直说着“完了，完了，这会玩完了！一个车屁股都掉下去了！”快深夜12点了，始终没有进展，气温已降到最低点，老大果断的结束了此次救援行动。阿尔金见闻之七一只肥大的雪原老狼，正在极力狂奔，瞬间逃到了对面的山头上，还洋洋得意的回头看着我们，一副不屑的表情，许久后才大摇大摆的离开。阿尔金见闻之八这次是真的要哭了，大家都在全力帮高BB想着各种办法，说就是拖！也要把他是车拖出去。不抛弃！不放弃！大家用行动一次又一次的诠释着这六个字。后记 生死罗布泊第一章罗布泊秘笈第二章罗布泊秘境第三章罗布泊日记前言罗布泊迎来不速之客12月1日：三垄沙魔鬼城→1号营地，徒步直线距离约22公里。初识罗布泊的风12月2日：1号营地→2号营地，徒步直线距离23.5公里。孤独的“闲庭信步”12月3日：2号营地→黑山口→3号营地，徒步直线距离25.1公里。幸福原来是这样的12月4日：3号营地→八一泉，徒步直线距离18.9公里。“席梦思”上的艰难行进12月5日：八一泉→骆驼湾→怪石坡→6号营地，徒步行程近30公里。深夜拜祭彭加木12月6日：5号营地→彭加木纪念碑，徒步直线距离17.8公里。荒原午夜惊魂12月7日-8日：彭加木纪念碑→7号营地→8号土堆营地，徒步直线距离51公里。干尸之谜12月9日：8号土堆营地→土牙，徒步直线距离30公里人间“磨难”12月10日-11日：土牙→罗布泊镇→罗布泊南岸的落瓦寨，徒步直线距离12公里，车行里程不详。与狼为伴12月12日：罗布泊南岸的落瓦寨→罗布泊雅丹地下大峡谷谷尾，车行约80公里。千年走一回12月13日-15日：罗布泊雅丹地下大峡谷谷尾→罗布泊南岸，徒步约85公里。穿越死亡之海12月16日-18日：罗布泊南岸→罗布泊湖心碑，徒步直线距离90公里。祭拜余纯顺12月19日：罗布泊湖心碑→余纯顺遇难地→楼兰古城遗址→土垠遗址→龙城雅丹，徒步直线距离16公里，车行约70公里。荒漠中的遗迹12月20日：龙城雅丹→咸水泉→营房旧址→古墓沟，车行距离约110公里遭遇沙尘暴12月21日：古墓沟→解放军医院旧址→老开屏, 车行约80公里。罗布泊逛“公园”12月22日：老开屏→胡杨沟→营盘古城遗址,徒步直线距离10公里，车行约50公里。后记 仓央圣道探险路线图纳木错→色林错→果根错→毕洛错→令戈错→东温河→多格错仁→永波湖→迎春口→永红湖→可可西里山→涟湖→月亮湖→勒斜武担措→白云湖→泉水河→鲸鱼湖→阿其克库勒湖→阿其克库勒河→乌鲁克苏河→车尔臣河→大西海子→孔雀河→罗布泊→玉门关→敦煌→党河→哈拉湖→青海湖→唐蕃古道→阿尼玛卿→年宝玉则→色达→道孚→丹巴→康定→木雅贡嘎→九龙→猛董→麦地贡嘎→雄鹰谷→木里→泸沽湖→亚丁→香格里拉→白马雪山→雨崩→梅里雪山→贡山→独龙江→察隅→墨脱→米林→拉姆拉错→加查→错那→达旺→不丹→定结→不丹→冈仁波齐 探险四奇女散步的鱼：一个痴迷无人区的文艺范散步的鱼，又名且行且歌。酷爱文学、爱好摄影、热爱户外行走，喜欢登山、探险等。背包七年，行摄于山水间，足迹几乎遍布祖国大江南北。计划在有生之年，完成徒步穿越中国四大无人区的梦想，坚信走天下路，识万种风情，犹读万卷书。主要探险经历：2008年3月，随中国女子探险队首次徒步塔克拉玛干沙漠；2012年4月，徒步穿越羌塘无人区；2012年9月，孤身穿越独龙江（北线）。 深蓝：崇尚亲近自然的深度旅行深蓝，又叫海底深蓝。喜欢探险、穿越、骑行，崇尚亲近自然的深度旅行。每一次远行，就像经历一场不一样的人生，因为热爱，所以，一直在路上。每个人心底都埋有很多很多的梦想，只是对待梦想的态度不尽相同。有的人一直深埋，梦想就只是梦想，有的人一直为之努力，并付出行动，梦想，就这样一一实现了。人一辈子，能坚守梦想就是一种幸福，我只是一个有梦想并实践梦想的人。主要户外经历：登山：1999年，攀登四姑娘山二峰、三峰；2002年，攀登骆驼峰（未登顶）、雪宝顶；2003年，攀登玉珠峰；2005年，攀登墓士塔格（未登顶）；徒步：2000年，历时62天徒步+搭车走川藏线；2001年，徒步墨脱，徒步环行羊卓雍错；2004年，徒步+搭车走新藏线，徒步环玛旁雍错；2010年，徒步青海湖，徒步哈拉湖，徒步穿越可可西里，徒步穿越疏勒南山；骑行：2010年，初学骑车，西宁出发经德令哈、柴达木盆地、阿尔金山入新疆、半环塔克拉玛干到喀什、塔什库尔干、叶城踏上新藏线，经班公错、阿里、日喀则、亚东到拉萨历时83天；2012年，骑行西昌到大理；2011年、2012年，两次骑行贡嘎大环线。深深：游离在羌塘的一只小妖深深，旅途中莫名其妙就被叫成小妖了，从无任何野外生存经历，穿越羌塘是我第一次远行，第一次野外探险。自我评价就是一个“傻大胆”，因为心中向往，也就无惧。如果你要问我可可西里情结有多厚重？我告诉你就像那巍巍昆仑上的皑皑白雪。曾无数次地扪心自问，如果世间有天堂该是什么样子？我无法想象，似乎只有梦里有过。回首此行，才发现天堂并非梦里。在那遥远的海拔五千米以上的雪域高原，在青藏高原那片尚未开垦的处女地，许多的人涌向那里，追随自己梦想的天堂。 梅梅：旅行让生命愈显丰盈和美丽梅梅，自由职业者。先后从事过外贸、行政管理、品牌推广策划、公益项目践行者，但最爱的依旧是走在路上的感觉，梦想着在有限的生命限度中，努力把自己非常微小、微弱的生命过得尽量丰富多彩。每个人都是生命旅途的行者，经历如同沿途的风景，印迹升华生命的价值。爱、恨、情、仇、喜、怒、哀、乐都是生命的慷慨馈赠，彼此交织，才让我们的生命愈显丰盈和美丽。 徒步经历2005年，西藏独行40天；2006年-2007年，覆盖浙江、安徽、江苏各徒步线路；2008年，贵州、云南徒步之旅；2008年，穿越老挝、柬埔寨、越南旅行；2008年，中国第4大沙漠巴丹吉林徒步穿越；2008年，罗布泊东西南北线穿越；2009年，新疆伊犁摄影之旅；2009年，内蒙古与草原有个约会；2009年，海南环岛行；2010年，四川四姑娘山二峰登顶；2010年，新疆环疆行；2011年，泰国、缅甸、新加坡、马来西亚旅行。 样书设计你喜欢这本书吗？ 无人区秘境提前看 无人区生灵提前看白屁股的藏羚羊野牦牛成群的藏羚羊 无人区生灵提前看 野驴 蓝天白云下的羊群 先上两张不用的封面，大家看看现在封面好你嗯，还是以前的呢，嘻嘻。游记目录已经放在第一个帖子了，谢谢大家哦深深四个美女探险者登场散步的鱼梅梅深蓝 生死羌塘死亡土地走上羌塘的地狱之路前言到羌塘去，到荒原去！用孩子一样好奇的眼睛去看看那个神秘的世界，你不知道前面等你的是冰川，还是雪峰？你不知道明天会遇见野牦牛，还是藏羚羊？你不知道徒步中会遇到可怕的狼群，还是会遭遇一段浪漫激情？你在想，雪山会告诉你什么，火山会讲述什么，冰川会藏着什么，湖泊会袒露什么。你的心不再蒙着污垢，你的灵魂不再隐匿在心灵的某个角落。走进羌塘，走进荒原，那是离灵魂最近的地方……初春的阿尔金已渐渐显露一丝春的气息，冰河已开始消融，泛黄的枯草也悄无声息的透出一丝丝绿意。偶尔可以看到三三两两的藏羚羊、藏野驴在草地上悠闲地吃着草，丝毫不理会卷尘而来的我们。这里是野生动物的天堂，是它们栖息的乐园，它们才是这里的主人，只是我们这些不请自来的行者闯进了它们的家园，打破了这荒原上亿万年的沉寂。不过，一抹夕阳正从天边隐去，我们也给荒原增添了一道美丽的风景。初春的阿尔金保护区的确很美。天空蓝得很纯，无一丝杂质，白白的云朵点缀着蓝天，映衬着远处的雪峰、冰湖，给人一种空旷、静穆、深邃与辽远的感觉。远远地就看到了鲸鱼湖，雪峰排成一列，鲸鱼湖横卧在泛着青黄的草地与雪白的山峰之间分外美丽，如果此时再跑来一群藏羚羊、牦牛啥的，那就是一幅最美丽的画卷了。 4月11日羌塘独白：那哪是什么狼啊，那不是花雕和静雪在翻山呢！鲸鱼湖→D2营地，徒步直线距离17.5公里，沿鲸鱼湖边走6.5公里，爬小山坡抵营地直线11公里，营地海拔4850米。 出发前每个队员兴致都很高，我也不例外。我把单反和卡片机连同长焦全塞进背包里，希望徒步途中能邂逅野生动物，但却完全忽略了徒步负重的问。事后证明带上这些纯属拖累，因为连拿出来的机会都没有，一天下来一张照片也没拍。上午基本上全是沿着鲸鱼湖边走，虽然已是四月，但偌大的湖面仍然冰冻着，白花花刺眼。之前在谷歌地球上看到的鲸鱼湖与眼前的鲸鱼湖完全是两码事，很想拍一张鲸鱼湖的全貌，可是太难了。在羌塘高原，很难找到一处制高点，无法俯瞰鲸鱼湖，即使在你视线内看到的某个山坡，至少最近距离都在几公里以上，甚至是开车一天才能到达，站在湖边无论从哪个角度看，也看不出鲸鱼的模样来。沿着湖边的冻土层走着，我很喜欢踩着那些有冰层的地方，硬硬的走上去还“扑哧扑哧”直响，很有感觉也很带劲。走着走着，突然在脚底下发现一只藏羚羊头角，忍不住捡起来，心里想着这是大羌塘送给我的第一个见面礼，我得把它带出无人区，带回家当做纪念。可是后来还是把它留在了羌塘没有带走，因为羌塘才是它最终的归宿。中午一点多到了湖边拐点，吃过路餐后就准备翻小山坡走。路餐搭配很丰富：一个梨、两个派、两根腊肠、五颗大白兔奶糖。基本能保证一天下来徒步所需的能量。从开始爬小山坡起，路就开始不好走了。冻土也开始变得松软，走起来不省力，整个下午天空都是阴沉沉的，无风景可看，也无动物出没。如此天气令人压抑，我也只得机械的走路，心情也变得和羌塘的天一样沉沉的。我们徒步时一般都是自由组合，两人一组，我一直和天神一起同行。但每天出发前，为安全起见，花雕都要安排一名男队员收队，今天收队的是天神。当我们刚开始从湖边拐点走过没多远，我就发现小九一个人孤零零地落在队伍的最后，我记得出发前小九是和空哥一起的，怎么就走散的呢？而且走的方向也偏航，远远地看过去，小九似乎想从我们左边的那座山翻过去。天神大声地叫着小九跟过来与我们一起走，可小九似乎根本就听不见，还是自顾自地还往那边走，不时还停下来弯着腰歇息，看样子体力不支了。正在这时候，我看到那边山脚下有两个一大一小的黑点在向山坡上移动，我跟天神说，那边的两个小黑点会不会是两只狼啊？天神说，很有可能的。这样子不行的，小九这样走很危险，我们得等小九和我们一起走，于是朝着小九边喊边用手枚打手势，可是距离太远，小九根本就没看见天神打手势，我和天神只好在原地等，希望小九能看见我们。终于，小九在一次歇息的时候看到我们在叫她，于是慢慢朝我们靠拢过来。当小九走过来后，我问她：“你怎么往那边山上走啊？难道没发现有两头狼就在山坡上？”小九委屈地辩解：“我的GPS指的就是那座山的方位啊！那哪是什么狼啊，那是花雕和静雪在翻山呢！”我哑然。在羌塘荒原上，在视线范围内能看到的黑点其实距离都很远，有时候分明是石头，可我们往往会以为是动物，有时候分明是动物，我们却又当成是石头。天神对小九说：“还翻什么山啊，不用翻山了，跟着我走不会错。”于是，小九就一直跟着我们一起走。当GPS显示离营地只有四点多公里的时候，我感觉体力有些不支，感觉背包越来越沉，高海拔长时间的缺氧，我竟有点昏昏欲睡的感觉，最后的几公里几乎是走一段就得拉着队友的背包带子牵引着走，这样才终于走回营地。后来回营地才得知，那两个黑点真是花雕和静雪，不过听静雪抱怨说，翻过那座山后，跟着还有两座山要翻，都翻惨啦！原来花雕是按GPS直线距离走捷径直接翻山了，却没想到山外还有山。这可是后勤车呢多开心4月12日羌塘独白：羌塘的冷那是一种剌骨地冷，就像置身于一个巨大的冰窖中，夏花体能耗尽，很难再往前行，云起高反缺氧不时呕吐，已出现失温状态，真担心她会“睡”过去，我和夏花焦急地喊着她名字，叫着她不要睡……2号营地→桃湖，徒步直线距离24.5公里，营地海拔4882米。 今天是徒步的第二天，出发时天气还是好好的，可没曾想到之后会遭遇恶劣天气。本来今天的线路难度不算大，可没出发多久就遇到刮风，且还是刮着迎面风，逆风行走，阻力很大，也很耗体力。羌塘的天女孩的脸，说变就变。一会儿狂风大作，一会儿风雪交加。下午三点过后，我们遭遇了一场暴风雪，无任何征兆，就铺天盖地向我们袭来。暴风雪袭来时，温度也急剧下降，逆风又顶着暴雪徒步，对于生性惧寒的我来说几乎是致命的打击。风在刮，雪在舞。刹那间天地间白茫茫连成一片，能见度极低。暴雪打在眼镜上几乎快要看不清路了，只能紧跟着踩着前面队友的脚印走，记得有一段路积雪很深很深，只是凭着感觉深一脚浅一脚地走着，风雪持续一个小时左右才停，就是这场暴风雪挫败了所有的女队员。我虽然戴着厚厚的防风抓绒手套但感觉和没戴一个样，右手的五个手指在暴风雪中全部冻伤，这是后来回到营地后才发现的。到最后八点多公里时，夏花和云起出现了状况，夏花体能耗尽，很难再往前行。云起也是如此。高反缺氧加上本来体质就弱，还时不时呕吐，吐出来的东西全是黑黑的，看着让人害怕更令人揪心。我此时的体能还勉强可以支撑，可就是感觉特别的冷特别的冷！羌塘的冷那是一种锥心刺骨地冷！好像自己已置身于一个巨大的冰窖中，好像之前的暴风雪已把我身体里的热能全部抽走。今天收队的是孤独，孤独是个很有责任感的队友，一直陪着走在最后的云起和夏花，可云起的体能已透支到极限，坐在地上不想走了。天神回头看云起的情形不对，然后很冷静的与营地李哥联系救援，不知是信号不行还是李哥没开机，始终联系不上。此时的云起已出现失温状态，要是再联系不上救援，缺氧再加上失温，后果不堪设想。聪明的孤独很快找到一个稍稍可以避风的斜坡面叫我们都过去，让我们三名女队员挤在一起，这时候，花雕也赶过来了，花雕很快从背包里拿出两张救生毯，让我们三个坐下来背靠在沙坡上，然后用救生毯裹住我们，让我们原地等待救援。这时我的双脚双手也冻得麻木，能感觉到云起在瑟瑟发抖已处于迷糊状态，自己也不由自主的跟着发抖。看到云起这样子了心里是又着急又害怕，真担心她此时会睡过去，我和夏花一直轮流喊着她的名字，叫着她不要睡……不知过了多久，直到天神与营地联系上，后援车开过来，一切才化险为夷。如果没有后援车，云起又能在寒风中坚持多久？我都不敢去想象。 羌塘的冷那是一种锥心刺骨地冷 嗮一张本小姐的相片，(*^__^*) 嘻嘻…… 4月13日羌塘独白：我边走边祈求佛祖保佑：走出无人区时，手指能完好无损！桃湖→3号营地，徒步直线距离25.5公里，过荷花湖，营地海拔4940米。 “起床啦，吃早饭啦！”我们的“后勤部长”李嫂在叫我们起床了。我们几乎每天都是在李嫂的喊声中醒来，比闹铃还靠谱。李嫂是李哥的爱人，也是我们全队的大厨，在无人区每天变着花样给我们煮吃的。睡袋里好暖和的，真不想起来钻出帐篷外挨冻，可是饭还得吃啊。懒懒的坐起来，感觉头有些炸疼炸疼的，估计还是高反在作怪，赶紧找了包头疼粉喝下，然后出帐吃早餐。出发前把单反从包里忍痛弃掉以减轻负重，只带了小卡片机。除云起和花姐留守车上休整外，其余队员领好路餐，打好GPS点后，又出发了。今天的天空阴沉沉的，一路上，荒原的风景依然是天地间雪茫茫一片。因为右手指已冻伤，抹了冻疮膏还是不管用，五个手指头麻麻的还略微有点发肿，悲催的是，今天就连取拿水壶喝水右手指都不给力了，水壶盖都无力揭开，心情真是沮丧到了极点。队友一路总是细心地提醒我时不时要活动一下手指。可我心里清楚我的右手指短时间内肯定好不了。不知出去后能否落残心里还真没个底，只能祈求佛祖保佑：走出无人区时，手指能完好无损。今天迎风面也很多，好在老天有眼没有下暴风雪，但风刮在脸上还是硬生生的疼。因为蒙着头巾感觉呼吸不畅，我无奈只能扯掉头巾，鼻子饱受紫外线和寒风的折磨，很难受也很无奈。走出去脸会变成啥样子倒是有心理准备的，走一次羌塘肯定是要付出一点代价的。今天的线路没有什么坡度，一路上大多时候都是顺着车辙印走，一般徒步的时候我都喜欢看风景，可长时间走在海拔5000米以上的雪地里感觉很乏味，心底里总是期盼能邂逅某只野生动物，可雪茫茫一片哪有动物的影子呢。后来听说倒是走在前面的花雕和静雪偶遇了一头狼，花雕还用相机拍了，静雪说有点远可能没拍清楚。到最后还剩下4公里的时候，天都快要黑了，这时看到前面有车开来，原来是司机胖李看天快黑了特地来接应我们。此时我感觉体力还行，坚持不上车要自己走完全程，让胖李去接应后面的小九他们，后来得知小九也不愿坐车回营，真是要强的姑娘。回到营地后，赶紧坐到李哥的车上避寒，裹着军大衣还瑟瑟发抖。刚坐下还不到十分钟，就听见李嫂在大声叫着：“喝姜汤了！”这时候，李嫂早已煮好了姜汤。喝着李嫂递过来的姜汤，心里暖暖的。 羌塘三大家族-野牦牛,可凶了。 4月14日羌塘独白：晚上一直睡不好，迷迷糊糊间感觉有什么东西从帐外经过，感觉热哄哄地贴着我的帐篷…… 3号营地修整，营地海拔4940米。 今天天气很好。花雕决定休整一天。早上本想呆在帐篷里好好睡个觉，因昨晚没睡好。起来擦脸时，我感觉鼻子很疼，心里又是一紧，知道自己的鼻子肯定冻着了。 中午阳光很好。花雕首次在营地搭起了大帐篷，叫大家都出来打牌娱乐一下。我看着大家玩了一会儿后，突地感觉肚子有点疼，索性又钻回帐里睡觉去。 或许是见大家都在营地休整，羌塘的天格外给面子突然变得温暖起来。太阳很炽烈的照在帐篷上，帐内暖暖的似火炉，很难得享受一次这样温暖的羌塘时光，坐在帐内把前几天的日记整理了一下，握笔的时候感觉右手指还是不给力，下笔全是歪歪斜斜的，心理上忽的蒙上一层阴影，看着自己的手指郁闷了好一会，然后就躺下来闭目养神。半睡半醒中听到外面刮风了，帐篷打得哗啦啦直响，不一会儿就听到有人惊呼，原来是大帐篷被硬生生的刮飞掉了，可想而知这风力有多大了。我还听到云起也在惊叫，大嘁梦驴快来帮忙，原来云起的帐篷也差点被吹跑，铝杆断了两根，幸好人在里面呆着没事。听着外面的风声和队员的惊呼声，我担心自己的帐篷也被吹走，也不敢贸然出帐，生怕一走出帐外就被刮跑。 晚餐米饭，牛肉红烧胡萝卜，这是进入无人以来的第一次大餐。为了这餐饭，李嫂顶着风寒站了近三个多小时才做出来。 晚上一直睡不好，老是静不下心，一会儿担心手指会不会落残，鼻子会不会被冻掉，一会儿又担心野生动物会不会来袭击营地。胡思乱想中，迷迷糊糊间感觉有什么东西从帐外经过，感觉热哄哄地贴着我的帐篷。潜意识里突然想到了野生动物，于是无意识地大叫起来，醒来后吓出一身冷汗。 于是坐起来发会儿呆，一种莫名的压抑和恐惧令我不安，此时大脑里忽的闪过一个很纠结的念头，非常想快一点走出羌塘无人区，非常想快一点回到家，离开这个高寒之地。 终于看到新书了，放几张新书的图片，(*^__^*) 嘻嘻…… 4月15日羌塘独白：湖围着山，山挨着湖，一整天就是反复的从冰冻的湖面穿过去。天空又开始飘起雪花，孤独半天没找到车辙印的延续，云起心里崩溃了，她不想走了，也走不动了，当车接到她时，已经冻的缩作一团。 3号营地→围山湖→向阳湖，徒步直线距离25公里，营地海拔4800多米。 今天早上起来就知道状态不行，腰酸腿疼。加上昨晚噩梦没睡好，咋寒咋冷的，临行前才鼓足勇气向队长请求随车前行。这是我进入无人区来第一次随车队前行。随车可没有我想象中的那么舒适，三辆越野车上全塞满了我们的装备物质。李哥让我坐胖李的车，胖李的副驾上坐着花姐，后排座位上也全挤得满满的，还放着两个液化气瓶，胖李把一个液化气瓶搬到鲍刚的车上后，我才有机会挤进一个位置。一下子就感觉有坐在货仓的压抑，时不时还得防着有东西掉在我头上。车行路上一共过了三个冰湖，每次过冰湖，都是李哥先下车，然后找好过河点，车队才依次而过。湖围着山，山挨着湖，一整天就是反复的从冰冻的湖面穿过去，翻越垭口，下坡后再穿过冰冻的湖面。坐在车内，几次都看到有野生动物在草甸上悠闲吃着草，要不是特殊情况，我还是宁愿与队友们一起徒步的。我随车队两个多小时后就到达了营地。今天的营地依然是扎在冰湖边。下了车就赶紧搭帐篷，湖边风很大，还飘着雪，一个人手忙脚乱的怎么也弄不定，后来在花姐、鲍刚的帮助下，三个人顶着狂风才终于搭起来，搭完帐篷感觉非常的累，还得从车上卸下的一堆物品中找到自己的装备包，然后吃力的拖进帐内，于是钻进帐里就不想再出来。听着帐外呼啦啦的风声，呆在帐篷里开始为徒步的队友们担心。这会儿已经在开始下雪了，雪天徒步体能消耗会很大，祈求佛祖保佑：希望队友们平安归来。快六点的时候，我正在帐内写着日记，听到帐外突然很吵。原来是李哥收到呼救信号，说是云起体能又不行了，需要马上前去救援，还需要带着葡萄糖前去。李哥在大声的询问谁的车上有葡萄糖，听到鲍刚说有，国为我们的药箱一直就放在鲍刚的车上。我很担心，每天都是5000米以上的海拔，又是零下极温，时不时还得遭遇暴风雪，这样按原计划的徒步距离肯定有难度，特别是体质较弱的女队员吃不消。云起才刚走三天就感觉快崩溃了，每天要是控制在20公里内，我觉得每个女队员都可以走下来。可是，花雕会不会改变线路呢？云起日记“下午四点，结束折磨人的“围山湖之战”后，顺着车辙印走进峡谷。冷，风吹的瑟瑟发抖，羽绒衣等同于无。静雪，花雕，天生和鱼姐已经不见踪影，梦驴和九妞也逐渐远去，我又落在最后。还是孤独押队，耐心地陪我耗着。一看GPS，显示直线距离还有七公里多才到宿营地，也就是说起码还需要三个小时时间才能走到。天空又开始飘起雪花，孤独侦查半天没找到车辙印的延续，于是崩溃来的迅猛而果决，我说，我不想走了，不要走了。孤独估计呆住了，咋遇上一个这么赖皮？怎么哄，我就是可耻的不肯迈步。当李哥的车接到我时，我已经冻的缩作一团，然妞赶紧递上加葡萄糖热水，一口气喝下去好半天才缓过劲来。” 4月16日羌塘独白：在单一色彩的群山间突然显现一个洁白圆锥形山体，它孤傲的站立着，弥散着圣洁的光环。那就是岗扎日。远处的山坡上散布着一大群野牦牛，随后进入布满火山石的河谷。 向阳湖→岗扎日→5号营地，徒步直线距离25公里，营地海拔4840米。 今天才真正看到羌塘最美丽的一面。中午时分，在单一色彩的群山间突然显现一个洁白圆锥形山体，它那么孤傲的站立着，弥散着圣洁的光环。我久久望着，相机并不能真实记录它的神采，唯有用心铭记。那就是岗扎日。惊喜还没有结束，右手边的山坡上散布着一大群野牦牛，随后进入布满火山石的河谷。关于火山，我最初的记忆还是停留在中学地理课本上，那是一种浓烟滚滚、炽焰四射的世界末日的可怕印象。而当我今天亲眼见到那一座座曾经惊天动地折腾过大地的火山安静地耸立在羌塘高原上，令我无比的震撼！我惊叹于大自然的鬼斧神工，在这广阔的羌塘高原上，似乎白色就是这里的主色调。洁白的雪就像是一只神奇的画笔，把光秃秃的火山口涂抹成一幅幅的素描画，线条优美、层次分明，像一幅幅的速写，又似写意；每座光秃秃的山坡上、每块草甸上，却又似被谁打翻了奶油桶，泼洒上一层浓浓的奶油汁。一路上的美景应接不暇，行进在如此美丽的荒原上，那种愉悦的心情是无与伦比的，顿感之前所有的辛苦和付出都是值得的。当我用镜头对着这些壮美的火山遗迹时，可以想象得出，我们脚下的羌塘高原曾经就是火山活动异常活跃的地方，可以想象出在青藏高原强烈隆起过程中，地壳褶皱与断裂运动发生火山喷发，大地颤抖，炽焰四射的惊天动地的场景，我的心也似乎感知到，这些沉寂的火山遗迹分明在风中述说，述说着羌塘远古的传奇，述说着羌塘亿万年的演变。([]
特殊的精油按磨3中字木屋
陈玉玲蛮荒之美、苍凉之美、残缺之美、古旧之美、艺术之美、经典之美、。，铸就吴哥之美，心仪很久，终得成行一睹风采。 不解释，让图片说话吧！ 行程概要： 8月19日： 福州--广州--胡志明市--吴哥。 20日： 大吴哥--（巴戎寺--茶胶寺--塔普伦寺--女皇宫）--小吴哥（吴哥窟）--巴肯山。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-5-1.html 21日：吴哥--金边--皇宫--独立纪念碑--金界娱乐城--中央小商品市场。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-42-1.html 22日：金边塔仔山--飞胡志明市--总统府--邮政大楼--大教堂。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-53-1.html 23日：美拖游艇--独木舟丛林穿越--市政厅--歌剧院--游轮夜景。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-62-1.html 24日：胡志明市--广州。 8月19日： 福州--广州--胡志明市--吴哥。 早上7时到达广州天河客运站，参团人员是下午1点在白云机场集结，利用空余时间逛了逛72烈士公园。 下午，广州飞胡志明市再转飞暹粒（吴哥）。 广州天河客运站。利用候机间隙去了趟72烈士公园。 孙中山先生亲手种植的松树似乎枯萎。 远处为72烈士墓。 白云机场候机大厅一暼。 白云机场。 飞往胡志明市。([]
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